CWE-119
DiscouragedImproper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
Abstraction: Class · Status: Stable
The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.
17499 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-45RG-6G9M-WWPW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 17:52 – Updated: 2022-05-01 17:52Microsoft Windows Explorer on Windows 2000 SP4 FR and XP SP2 FR, and possibly other versions and platforms, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and crash) via an Office file with crafted document summary information, which causes an error in Ole32.dll.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-1347"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-03-08T22:19:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Microsoft Windows Explorer on Windows 2000 SP4 FR and XP SP2 FR, and possibly other versions and platforms, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and crash) via an Office file with crafted document summary information, which causes an error in Ole32.dll.",
"id": "GHSA-45rg-6g9m-wwpw",
"modified": "2022-05-01T17:52:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T17:52:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-1347"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/3419"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lostmon.blogspot.com/2007/08/windows-extended-file-attributes-buffer.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/36141"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/194944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/22847"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1017736"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-45RH-24P6-9743
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-08 09:31 – Updated: 2025-10-08 09:31A security vulnerability has been detected in TOTOLINK N600R up to 4.3.0cu.7866_B20220506. This impacts the function setWiFiBasicConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component HTTP Request Handler. Such manipulation of the argument wepkey leads to buffer overflow. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11444"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-08T08:15:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in TOTOLINK N600R up to 4.3.0cu.7866_B20220506. This impacts the function setWiFiBasicConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component HTTP Request Handler. Such manipulation of the argument wepkey leads to buffer overflow. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-45rh-24p6-9743",
"modified": "2025-10-08T09:31:14Z",
"published": "2025-10-08T09:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11444"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/z472421519/BinaryAudit/blob/main/PoC/BOF/TOTOLINK/wepkey/wepkey.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/z472421519/BinaryAudit/blob/main/PoC/BOF/TOTOLINK/wepkey/wepkey.md#reproduce"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327381"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.327381"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.666915"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.net"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-45RR-9399-9PP6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-12 03:31 – Updated: 2026-03-12 03:31A vulnerability was identified in Tenda W3 1.0.0.3(2204). This vulnerability affects the function formexeCommand of the file /goform/exeCommand of the component HTTP Handler. Such manipulation of the argument cmdinput leads to stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit is publicly available and might be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3974"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-12T03:15:58Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Tenda W3 1.0.0.3(2204). This vulnerability affects the function formexeCommand of the file /goform/exeCommand of the component HTTP Handler. Such manipulation of the argument cmdinput leads to stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit is publicly available and might be used.",
"id": "GHSA-45rr-9399-9pp6",
"modified": "2026-03-12T03:31:06Z",
"published": "2026-03-12T03:31:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3974"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Svigo-o/Tenda_vul/tree/main/tenda-w3-formexeCommand-cmdinput-buffer-overflow"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.350409"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.350409"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.769177"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenda.com.cn"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-45VF-XFC8-R7CC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:22 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:37The mad_layer_III function in layer3.c in Underbit MAD libmad 0.15.1b allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer overflow and application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted audio file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8373"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-01T01:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The mad_layer_III function in layer3.c in Underbit MAD libmad 0.15.1b allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer overflow and application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted audio file.",
"id": "GHSA-45vf-xfc8-r7cc",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:37:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:22:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blogs.gentoo.org/ago/2017/04/30/libmad-heap-based-buffer-overflow-in-mad_layer_iii-layer3-c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2018/05/msg00011.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4192"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45VH-FHGX-CR2P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:05 – Updated: 2023-08-08 15:31x86: Speculative vulnerabilities with bare (non-shim) 32-bit PV guests 32-bit x86 PV guest kernels run in ring 1. At the time when Xen was developed, this area of the i386 architecture was rarely used, which is why Xen was able to use it to implement paravirtualisation, Xen's novel approach to virtualization. In AMD64, Xen had to use a different implementation approach, so Xen does not use ring 1 to support 64-bit guests. With the focus now being on 64-bit systems, and the availability of explicit hardware support for virtualization, fixing speculation issues in ring 1 is not a priority for processor companies. Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation (IBRS) is an architectural x86 extension put together to combat speculative execution sidechannel attacks, including Spectre v2. It was retrofitted in microcode to existing CPUs. For more details on Spectre v2, see: http://xenbits.xen.org/xsa/advisory-254.html However, IBRS does not architecturally protect ring 0 from predictions learnt in ring 1. For more details, see: https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/deep-dives/deep-dive-indirect-branch-restricted-speculation Similar situations may exist with other mitigations for other kinds of speculative execution attacks. The situation is quite likely to be similar for speculative execution attacks which have yet to be discovered, disclosed, or mitigated.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-28689"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-11T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "x86: Speculative vulnerabilities with bare (non-shim) 32-bit PV guests 32-bit x86 PV guest kernels run in ring 1. At the time when Xen was developed, this area of the i386 architecture was rarely used, which is why Xen was able to use it to implement paravirtualisation, Xen\u0027s novel approach to virtualization. In AMD64, Xen had to use a different implementation approach, so Xen does not use ring 1 to support 64-bit guests. With the focus now being on 64-bit systems, and the availability of explicit hardware support for virtualization, fixing speculation issues in ring 1 is not a priority for processor companies. Indirect Branch Restricted Speculation (IBRS) is an architectural x86 extension put together to combat speculative execution sidechannel attacks, including Spectre v2. It was retrofitted in microcode to existing CPUs. For more details on Spectre v2, see: http://xenbits.xen.org/xsa/advisory-254.html However, IBRS does not architecturally protect ring 0 from predictions learnt in ring 1. For more details, see: https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/deep-dives/deep-dive-indirect-branch-restricted-speculation Similar situations may exist with other mitigations for other kinds of speculative execution attacks. The situation is quite likely to be similar for speculative execution attacks which have yet to be discovered, disclosed, or mitigated.",
"id": "GHSA-45vh-fhgx-cr2p",
"modified": "2023-08-08T15:31:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:05:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-28689"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://xenbits.xenproject.org/xsa/advisory-370.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45VM-92VP-645Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:02 – Updated: 2025-04-12 12:51The kernel-mode driver in Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, Windows RT Gold and 8.1, and Windows 10 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka "Win32k Memory Corruption Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2517, CVE-2015-2518, and CVE-2015-2546.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-2511"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-09-09T00:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The kernel-mode driver in Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, Windows RT Gold and 8.1, and Windows 10 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka \"Win32k Memory Corruption Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability,\" a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2517, CVE-2015-2518, and CVE-2015-2546.",
"id": "GHSA-45vm-92vp-645q",
"modified": "2025-04-12T12:51:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:02:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-2511"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2015/ms15-097"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/38276"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/76597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1033485"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-45VM-XM4V-HVQM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:54 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:32Adobe Flash Player versions 24.0.0.194 and earlier have an exploitable heap overflow vulnerability when parsing an MP4 header. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-2992"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-02-15T06:59:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Adobe Flash Player versions 24.0.0.194 and earlier have an exploitable heap overflow vulnerability when parsing an MP4 header. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-45vm-xm4v-hvqm",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:32:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:54:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2992"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/flash-player/apsb17-04.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201702-20"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41420"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017-0275.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1037815"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45W8-F38H-R557
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-09-22 21:30A weakness has been identified in UTT 1200GW up to 3.0.0-170831. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /goform/formConfigDnsFilterGlobal. This manipulation of the argument GroupName causes buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be exploited. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10757"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-21T00:15:37Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A weakness has been identified in UTT 1200GW up to 3.0.0-170831. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /goform/formConfigDnsFilterGlobal. This manipulation of the argument GroupName causes buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be exploited. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-45w8-f38h-r557",
"modified": "2025-09-22T21:30:19Z",
"published": "2025-09-22T21:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10757"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cymiao1978/cve/blob/main/6.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cymiao1978/cve/blob/main/6.md#poc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.325112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.325112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.645681"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-45W9-36J2-4P58
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:56 – Updated: 2025-04-11 03:47Stack-based buffer overflow in lcfd.exe in Tivoli Endpoint in IBM Tivoli Management Framework 3.7.1, 4.1, 4.1.1, and 4.3.1 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via a long opts field.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-1220"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2011-06-02T20:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Stack-based buffer overflow in lcfd.exe in Tivoli Endpoint in IBM Tivoli Management Framework 3.7.1, 4.1, 4.1.1, and 4.3.1 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via a long opts field.",
"id": "GHSA-45w9-36j2-4p58",
"modified": "2025-04-11T03:47:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:56:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-1220"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/67631"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/44628"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/8268"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1025581"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21499146"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1IZ90238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/518199/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-11-169"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-45XM-V8GQ-7JQX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-10-17 16:19 – Updated: 2022-04-25 20:23In version from 3.0.0 to 3.5.3 of Eclipse Vert.x, the WebSocket HTTP upgrade implementation buffers the full http request before doing the handshake, holding the entire request body in memory. There should be a reasonnable limit (8192 bytes) above which the WebSocket gets an HTTP response with the 413 status code and the connection gets closed.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.vertx:vertx-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.5.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-12541"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-789"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:57:32Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-10-10T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In version from 3.0.0 to 3.5.3 of Eclipse Vert.x, the WebSocket HTTP upgrade implementation buffers the full http request before doing the handshake, holding the entire request body in memory. There should be a reasonnable limit (8192 bytes) above which the WebSocket gets an HTTP response with the 413 status code and the connection gets closed.",
"id": "GHSA-45xm-v8gq-7jqx",
"modified": "2022-04-25T20:23:45Z",
"published": "2018-10-17T16:19:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-12541"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse-vertx/vert.x/issues/2648"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse-vertx/vert.x/commit/269a583330695d1418a4f5578f7169350b2e1332"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/reb3cc4f3e10264896a541813c0030ec9d9466ba9b722fe5d4adc91cd@%3Cissues.bookkeeper.apache.org%3E"
},
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"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Excessive memory allocation"
}
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-13
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
CAPEC-10: Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables
This attack pattern involves causing a buffer overflow through manipulation of environment variables. Once the adversary finds that they can modify an environment variable, they may try to overflow associated buffers. This attack leverages implicit trust often placed in environment variables.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-123: Buffer Manipulation
An adversary manipulates an application's interaction with a buffer in an attempt to read or modify data they shouldn't have access to. Buffer attacks are distinguished in that it is the buffer space itself that is the target of the attack rather than any code responsible for interpreting the content of the buffer. In virtually all buffer attacks the content that is placed in the buffer is immaterial. Instead, most buffer attacks involve retrieving or providing more input than can be stored in the allocated buffer, resulting in the reading or overwriting of other unintended program memory.
CAPEC-14: Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow
This type of attack exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in targeted client software through injection of malicious content from a custom-built hostile service. This hostile service is created to deliver the correct content to the client software. For example, if the client-side application is a browser, the service will host a webpage that the browser loads.
CAPEC-24: Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow
In this attack, the idea is to cause an active filter to fail by causing an oversized transaction. An attacker may try to feed overly long input strings to the program in an attempt to overwhelm the filter (by causing a buffer overflow) and hoping that the filter does not fail securely (i.e. the user input is let into the system unfiltered).
CAPEC-42: MIME Conversion
An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.
CAPEC-44: Overflow Binary Resource File
An attack of this type exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in the handling of binary resources. Binary resources may include music files like MP3, image files like JPEG files, and any other binary file. These attacks may pass unnoticed to the client machine through normal usage of files, such as a browser loading a seemingly innocent JPEG file. This can allow the adversary access to the execution stack and execute arbitrary code in the target process.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-46: Overflow Variables and Tags
This type of attack leverages the use of tags or variables from a formatted configuration data to cause buffer overflow. The adversary crafts a malicious HTML page or configuration file that includes oversized strings, thus causing an overflow.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.
CAPEC-8: Buffer Overflow in an API Call
This attack targets libraries or shared code modules which are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. An adversary who has knowledge of known vulnerable libraries or shared code can easily target software that makes use of these libraries. All clients that make use of the code library thus become vulnerable by association. This has a very broad effect on security across a system, usually affecting more than one software process.
CAPEC-9: Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities
This attack targets command-line utilities available in a number of shells. An adversary can leverage a vulnerability found in a command-line utility to escalate privilege to root.