var-201504-0127
Vulnerability from variot

Safari in Apple iOS before 8.3 does not delete Recently Closed Tabs data in response to a history-clearing action, which allows attackers to obtain sensitive information by reading a history file. Apple iOS is prone to multiple security vulnerabilities. Attackers can exploit these issues to gain sensitive information, perform unauthorized actions, bypass security restrictions, and perform other attacks. These issues affect iOS versions prior to 8.3. Apple Safari is a web browser developed by Apple (Apple), and is the default browser included with Mac OS X and iOS operating systems

Show details on source website


{
  "@context": {
    "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/VARIoTentry#",
    "affected_products": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/affected_products"
    },
    "configurations": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/configurations"
    },
    "credits": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/credits"
    },
    "cvss": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/"
    },
    "description": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/description/"
    },
    "exploit_availability": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/exploit_availability/"
    },
    "external_ids": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/external_ids/"
    },
    "iot": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/iot/"
    },
    "iot_taxonomy": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/iot_taxonomy/"
    },
    "patch": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/patch/"
    },
    "problemtype_data": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/problemtype_data/"
    },
    "references": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/references/"
    },
    "sources": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources/"
    },
    "sources_release_date": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources_release_date/"
    },
    "sources_update_date": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources_update_date/"
    },
    "threat_type": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/threat_type/"
    },
    "title": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/title/"
    },
    "type": {
      "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/type/"
    }
  },
  "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/vuln/VAR-201504-0127",
  "affected_products": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/affected_products#",
      "data": {
        "@container": "@list"
      },
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        },
        "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources"
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "model": "iphone os",
        "scope": "lte",
        "trust": 1.0,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "8.2"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "lt",
        "trust": 0.8,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "8.3   (ipad 2 or later )"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "lt",
        "trust": 0.8,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "8.3   (iphone 4s or later )"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "lt",
        "trust": 0.8,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "8.3   (ipod touch first  5 after generation )"
      },
      {
        "model": "iphone os",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.6,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "8.2"
      },
      {
        "model": "ipod touch",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "0"
      },
      {
        "model": "iphone",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "0"
      },
      {
        "model": "ipad",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "0"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.2.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.0.2"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.0.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "3.2.2"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "3.2.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "5.1.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "5.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "5.0.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "5"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.3.5"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.3.4"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.3.3"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.3.2"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.3.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.3"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.2.9"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.2.8"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.2.7"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.2.6"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.2.5"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.2.10"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.2"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "4"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "3.2"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "3.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "3.0"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "2.1"
      },
      {
        "model": "ios",
        "scope": "eq",
        "trust": 0.3,
        "vendor": "apple",
        "version": "2.0"
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978"
      },
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      },
      {
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      }
    ]
  },
  "configurations": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/configurations#",
      "children": {
        "@container": "@list"
      },
      "cpe_match": {
        "@container": "@list"
      },
      "data": {
        "@container": "@list"
      },
      "nodes": {
        "@container": "@list"
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "CVE_data_version": "4.0",
        "nodes": [
          {
            "cpe_match": [
              {
                "cpe22Uri": "cpe:/o:apple:iphone_os",
                "vulnerable": true
              }
            ],
            "operator": "OR"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      }
    ]
  },
  "credits": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/credits#",
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": "TaiG Jailbreak Team, Jarrod Dwenger, Steve Favorito, Paul Reedy of ConocoPhillips, Pedro Tavares of Molecular Biophysics at UCIBIO/FCT/UNL, De Paul Sunny, Christian Still of Evolve Media, Canada, Brent Erickson, Stuart Ryan of University of Technology, Syd",
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978"
      }
    ],
    "trust": 0.3
  },
  "cve": "CVE-2015-1111",
  "cvss": {
    "@context": {
      "cvssV2": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/cvssV2#"
        },
        "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/cvssV2"
      },
      "cvssV3": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/cvssV3#"
        },
        "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/cvssV3/"
      },
      "severity": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/cvss/severity#"
        },
        "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/severity"
      },
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        },
        "@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources"
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "cvssV2": [
          {
            "accessComplexity": "LOW",
            "accessVector": "NETWORK",
            "authentication": "NONE",
            "author": "nvd@nist.gov",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 5.0,
            "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL",
            "exploitabilityScore": 10.0,
            "id": "CVE-2015-1111",
            "impactScore": 2.9,
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "severity": "MEDIUM",
            "trust": 1.8,
            "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N",
            "version": "2.0"
          },
          {
            "accessComplexity": "LOW",
            "accessVector": "NETWORK",
            "authentication": "NONE",
            "author": "VULHUB",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 5.0,
            "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL",
            "exploitabilityScore": 10.0,
            "id": "VHN-79071",
            "impactScore": 2.9,
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "severity": "MEDIUM",
            "trust": 0.1,
            "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/AU:N/C:P/I:N/A:N",
            "version": "2.0"
          }
        ],
        "cvssV3": [],
        "severity": [
          {
            "author": "nvd@nist.gov",
            "id": "CVE-2015-1111",
            "trust": 1.0,
            "value": "MEDIUM"
          },
          {
            "author": "NVD",
            "id": "CVE-2015-1111",
            "trust": 0.8,
            "value": "Medium"
          },
          {
            "author": "CNNVD",
            "id": "CNNVD-201504-136",
            "trust": 0.6,
            "value": "MEDIUM"
          },
          {
            "author": "VULHUB",
            "id": "VHN-79071",
            "trust": 0.1,
            "value": "MEDIUM"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      },
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      },
      {
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      }
    ]
  },
  "description": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/description#",
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": "Safari in Apple iOS before 8.3 does not delete Recently Closed Tabs data in response to a history-clearing action, which allows attackers to obtain sensitive information by reading a history file. Apple iOS is prone to multiple security vulnerabilities. \nAttackers can exploit these issues to gain sensitive information, perform unauthorized actions, bypass security restrictions, and perform other attacks. \nThese issues affect iOS versions prior to 8.3. Apple Safari is a web browser developed by Apple (Apple), and is the default browser included with Mac OS X and iOS operating systems",
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      },
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978"
      },
      {
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      }
    ],
    "trust": 1.98
  },
  "external_ids": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/external_ids#",
      "data": {
        "@container": "@list"
      },
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111",
        "trust": 2.8
      },
      {
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978",
        "trust": 1.4
      },
      {
        "db": "SECTRACK",
        "id": "1032050",
        "trust": 1.1
      },
      {
        "db": "JVN",
        "id": "JVNVU91828320",
        "trust": 0.8
      },
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151",
        "trust": 0.8
      },
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136",
        "trust": 0.7
      },
      {
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071",
        "trust": 0.1
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      },
      {
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978"
      },
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      },
      {
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      }
    ]
  },
  "id": "VAR-201504-0127",
  "iot": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/iot#",
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": true,
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      }
    ],
    "trust": 0.01
  },
  "last_update_date": "2024-11-23T21:02:33.094000Z",
  "patch": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/patch#",
      "data": {
        "@container": "@list"
      },
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "title": "APPLE-SA-2015-04-08-3 iOS 8.3",
        "trust": 0.8,
        "url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2015/Apr/msg00002.html"
      },
      {
        "title": "HT204661",
        "trust": 0.8,
        "url": "http://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204661"
      },
      {
        "title": "HT204661",
        "trust": 0.8,
        "url": "http://support.apple.com/ja-jp/HT204661"
      },
      {
        "title": "OSXUpd10.10.3",
        "trust": 0.6,
        "url": "http://www.cnnvd.org.cn/web/xxk/bdxqById.tag?id=54848"
      },
      {
        "title": "iPhone7,1_8.3_12F70_Restore",
        "trust": 0.6,
        "url": "http://www.cnnvd.org.cn/web/xxk/bdxqById.tag?id=54847"
      },
      {
        "title": "AppleTV3,2_7.2_12F69_Restore",
        "trust": 0.6,
        "url": "http://www.cnnvd.org.cn/web/xxk/bdxqById.tag?id=54849"
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      }
    ]
  },
  "problemtype_data": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/problemtype_data#",
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "problemtype": "CWE-200",
        "trust": 1.9
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      },
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      }
    ]
  },
  "references": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/references#",
      "data": {
        "@container": "@list"
      },
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "trust": 1.7,
        "url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2015/apr/msg00002.html"
      },
      {
        "trust": 1.7,
        "url": "https://support.apple.com/ht204661"
      },
      {
        "trust": 1.1,
        "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/73978"
      },
      {
        "trust": 1.1,
        "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1032050"
      },
      {
        "trust": 0.8,
        "url": "http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=cve-2015-1111"
      },
      {
        "trust": 0.8,
        "url": "http://jvn.jp/vu/jvnvu91828320/index.html"
      },
      {
        "trust": 0.8,
        "url": "http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnid=cve-2015-1111"
      },
      {
        "trust": 0.3,
        "url": "http://www.apple.com/ios/"
      },
      {
        "trust": 0.3,
        "url": "http://www.apple.com/ipad/"
      },
      {
        "trust": 0.3,
        "url": "http://www.apple.com/iphone/"
      },
      {
        "trust": 0.3,
        "url": "http://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/"
      },
      {
        "trust": 0.3,
        "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/ht204661"
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      },
      {
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978"
      },
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      },
      {
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      }
    ]
  },
  "sources": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#",
      "data": {
        "@container": "@list"
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      },
      {
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978"
      },
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      },
      {
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      }
    ]
  },
  "sources_release_date": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources_release_date#",
      "data": {
        "@container": "@list"
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "date": "2015-04-10T00:00:00",
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      },
      {
        "date": "2015-04-08T00:00:00",
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978"
      },
      {
        "date": "2015-04-13T00:00:00",
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "date": "2015-04-13T00:00:00",
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      },
      {
        "date": "2015-04-10T14:59:26.420000",
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      }
    ]
  },
  "sources_update_date": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources_update_date#",
      "data": {
        "@container": "@list"
      }
    },
    "data": [
      {
        "date": "2017-01-03T00:00:00",
        "db": "VULHUB",
        "id": "VHN-79071"
      },
      {
        "date": "2015-05-07T17:36:00",
        "db": "BID",
        "id": "73978"
      },
      {
        "date": "2015-04-13T00:00:00",
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      },
      {
        "date": "2015-04-13T00:00:00",
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      },
      {
        "date": "2024-11-21T02:24:41.720000",
        "db": "NVD",
        "id": "CVE-2015-1111"
      }
    ]
  },
  "threat_type": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/threat_type#",
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": "remote",
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      }
    ],
    "trust": 0.6
  },
  "title": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/title#",
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": "Apple iOS of  Safari Vulnerability in which important information is obtained",
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "JVNDB",
        "id": "JVNDB-2015-002151"
      }
    ],
    "trust": 0.8
  },
  "type": {
    "@context": {
      "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/type#",
      "sources": {
        "@container": "@list",
        "@context": {
          "@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
        }
      }
    },
    "data": "information disclosure",
    "sources": [
      {
        "db": "CNNVD",
        "id": "CNNVD-201504-136"
      }
    ],
    "trust": 0.6
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.


Loading…

Loading…

Loading…

Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability is confirmed from an analyst perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: This vulnerability was exploited and seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Patched: This vulnerability was successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not exploited: This vulnerability was not exploited or seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expresses doubt about the veracity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: This vulnerability was not successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.


Loading…

Loading…