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Vulnerability from cleanstart
Published
2026-03-04 00:43
Modified
2026-03-03 12:59
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface
Details
Multiple security vulnerabilities affect the logstash-fips package. Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. See references for individual vulnerability details.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
References
{
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"details": "Multiple security vulnerabilities affect the logstash-fips package. Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. See references for individual vulnerability details.",
"id": "CLEANSTART-2026-XJ84245",
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{
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{
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"url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-w9pc-fmgc-vxvw"
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{
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{
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}
CVE-2025-61770 (GCVE-0-2025-61770)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 14:30 – Updated: 2025-10-07 15:43
VLAI
EPSS
Title
Rack's unbounded multipart preamble buffering enables DoS (memory exhaustion)
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, `Rack::Multipart::Parser` buffers the entire multipart preamble (bytes before the first boundary) in memory without any size limit. A client can send a large preamble followed by a valid boundary, causing significant memory use and potential process termination due to out-of-memory (OOM) conditions. Remote attackers can trigger large transient memory spikes by including a long preamble in multipart/form-data requests. The impact scales with allowed request sizes and concurrency, potentially causing worker crashes or severe slowdown due to garbage collection. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 enforce a preamble size limit (e.g., 16 KiB) or discard preamble data entirely. Workarounds include limiting total request body size at the proxy or web server level and monitoring memory and set per-process limits to prevent OOM conditions.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
- CWE-400 - Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/589127f4ac8b5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/d869fed663b11… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/e08f78c656c93… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-61771 (GCVE-0-2025-61771)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 14:42 – Updated: 2025-10-07 17:52
VLAI
EPSS
Title
Rack's multipart parser buffers large non‑file fields entirely in memory, enabling DoS (memory exhaustion)
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, ``Rack::Multipart::Parser` stores non-file form fields (parts without a `filename`) entirely in memory as Ruby `String` objects. A single large text field in a multipart/form-data request (hundreds of megabytes or more) can consume equivalent process memory, potentially leading to out-of-memory (OOM) conditions and denial of service (DoS). Attackers can send large non-file fields to trigger excessive memory usage. Impact scales with request size and concurrency, potentially leading to worker crashes or severe garbage-collection overhead. All Rack applications processing multipart form submissions are affected. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 enforce a reasonable size cap for non-file fields (e.g., 2 MiB). Workarounds include restricting maximum request body size at the web-server or proxy layer (e.g., Nginx `client_max_body_size`) and validating and rejecting unusually large form fields at the application level.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
- CWE-400 - Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/589127f4ac8b5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/d869fed663b11… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/e08f78c656c93… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-61772 (GCVE-0-2025-61772)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 15:02 – Updated: 2025-10-07 17:51
VLAI
EPSS
Title
Rack's multipart parser buffers unbounded per-part headers, enabling DoS (memory exhaustion)
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, `Rack::Multipart::Parser` can accumulate unbounded data when a multipart part’s header block never terminates with the required blank line (`CRLFCRLF`). The parser keeps appending incoming bytes to memory without a size cap, allowing a remote attacker to exhaust memory and cause a denial of service (DoS). Attackers can send incomplete multipart headers to trigger high memory use, leading to process termination (OOM) or severe slowdown. The effect scales with request size limits and concurrency. All applications handling multipart uploads may be affected. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 cap per-part header size (e.g., 64 KiB). As a workaround, restrict maximum request sizes at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx `client_max_body_size`).
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
- CWE-400 - Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/589127f4ac8b5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/d869fed663b11… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/e08f78c656c93… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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"name": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/589127f4ac8b5cf11cf88fb0cd116ffed4d2181e",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/589127f4ac8b5cf11cf88fb0cd116ffed4d2181e"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/d869fed663b113b95a74ad53e1b5cae6ab31f29e",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/d869fed663b113b95a74ad53e1b5cae6ab31f29e"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/e08f78c656c9394d6737c022bde087e0f33336fd",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/e08f78c656c9394d6737c022bde087e0f33336fd"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-wpv5-97wm-hp9c",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Rack\u0027s multipart parser buffers unbounded per-part headers, enabling DoS (memory exhaustion)"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-61772",
"datePublished": "2025-10-07T15:02:09.895Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-09-30T19:43:49.901Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-10-07T17:51:26.246Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
CVE-2026-25500 (GCVE-0-2026-25500)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-18 18:59 – Updated: 2026-02-18 19:42
VLAI
EPSS
Title
Rack's Stored XSS in Rack::Directory via javascript: filenames rendered into anchor href
Summary
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5, `Rack::Directory` generates an HTML directory index where each file entry is rendered as a clickable link. If a file exists on disk whose basename starts with the `javascript:` scheme (e.g. `javascript:alert(1)`), the generated index contains an anchor whose `href` is exactly `javascript:alert(1)`. Clicking the entry executes JavaScript in the browser (demonstrated with `alert(1)`). Versions 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5 fix the issue.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/f2f225f297b99… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2026-25500",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "none"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2026-02-18T19:42:04.480536Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
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"type": "ssvc"
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"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-02-18T19:42:35.101Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
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"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
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"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "rack",
"vendor": "rack",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 2.2.22"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 3.0.0.beta1, \u003c 3.1.20"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 3.2.0, \u003c 3.2.5"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5, `Rack::Directory` generates an HTML directory index where each file entry is rendered as a clickable link. If a file exists on disk whose basename starts with the `javascript:` scheme (e.g. `javascript:alert(1)`), the generated index contains an anchor whose `href` is exactly `javascript:alert(1)`. Clicking the entry executes JavaScript in the browser (demonstrated with `alert(1)`). Versions 2.2.22, 3.1.20, and 3.2.5 fix the issue."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 5.4,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-79",
"description": "CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (\u0027Cross-site Scripting\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-02-18T18:59:31.964Z",
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"shortName": "GitHub_M"
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"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/GHSA-whrj-4476-wvmp",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/GHSA-whrj-4476-wvmp"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/f2f225f297b99fbee3d9f51255d41f601fc40aff",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/f2f225f297b99fbee3d9f51255d41f601fc40aff"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-whrj-4476-wvmp",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Rack\u0027s Stored XSS in Rack::Directory via javascript: filenames rendered into anchor href"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
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"datePublished": "2026-02-18T18:59:31.964Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-02-02T18:21:42.485Z",
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"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
GHSA-22H5-PQ3X-2GF2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-03 22:07 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:32
VLAI
Summary
URI allows for userinfo Leakage in URI#join, URI#merge, and URI#+
Details
There is a possibility for userinfo leakage by in the uri gem. This vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2025-27221. We recommend upgrading the uri gem.
Details
The methods URI#join, URI#merge, and URI#+ retained userinfo, such as user:password, even after the host is replaced. When generating a URL to a malicious host from a URL containing secret userinfo using these methods, and having someone access that URL, an unintended userinfo leak could occur.
Please update URI gem to version 0.11.3, 0.12.4, 0.13.2, 1.0.3 or later.
Affected versions
uri gem versions < 0.11.3, 0.12.0 to 0.12.3, 0.13.0, 0.13.1 and 1.0.0 to 1.0.2.
Credits
Thanks to Tsubasa Irisawa (lambdasawa) for discovering this issue. Also thanks to nobu for additional fixes of this vulnerability.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "uri"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.11.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "uri"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.12.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.12.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "uri"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.13.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.13.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "uri"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27221"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-212"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-03T22:07:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-04T00:15:31Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "There is a possibility for userinfo leakage by in the uri gem.\nThis vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2025-27221. We recommend upgrading the uri gem.\n\n## Details\n\nThe methods `URI#join`, `URI#merge`, and `URI#+` retained userinfo, such as `user:password`, even after the host is replaced. When generating a URL to a malicious host from a URL containing secret userinfo using these methods, and having someone access that URL, an unintended userinfo leak could occur.\n\nPlease update URI gem to version 0.11.3, 0.12.4, 0.13.2, 1.0.3 or later.\n\n## Affected versions\n\nuri gem versions \u003c 0.11.3, 0.12.0 to 0.12.3, 0.13.0, 0.13.1 and 1.0.0 to 1.0.2.\n\n## Credits\n\nThanks to Tsubasa Irisawa (lambdasawa) for discovering this issue.\nAlso thanks to nobu for additional fixes of this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-22h5-pq3x-2gf2",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:32:21Z",
"published": "2025-03-03T22:07:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27221"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/uri/pull/154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/uri/pull/155"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/uri/pull/156"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/uri/pull/157"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/2957667"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/uri"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/uri/CVE-2025-27221.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00008.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00015.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27221"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2025/02/26/security-advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "URI allows for userinfo Leakage in URI#join, URI#merge, and URI#+"
}
GHSA-2XGQ-Q749-89FQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-18 18:51 – Updated: 2025-12-20 05:35
VLAI
Summary
AWS SDK for Ruby's S3 Encryption Client has a Key Commitment Issue
Details
Summary
S3 Encryption Client for Ruby is an open-source client-side encryption library used to facilitate writing and reading encrypted records to S3.
When the encrypted data key (EDK) is stored in an "Instruction File" instead of S3's metadata record, the EDK is exposed to an "Invisible Salamanders" attack (https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/016), which could allow the EDK to be replaced with a new key.
Impact
Background - Key Commitment
There is a cryptographic property whereby under certain conditions, a single ciphertext can be decrypted into 2 different plaintexts by using different encryption keys. To address this issue, strong encryption schemes use what is known as "key commitment", a process by which an encrypted message can only be decrypted by one key; the key used to originally encrypt the message.
In older versions of S3EC, when customers are also using a feature called "Instruction File" to store EDKs, key commitment is not implemented because multiple EDKs could be associated to an underlying encrypted message object. For such customers an attack that leverages the lack of key commitment is possible. A bad actor would need two things to leverage this issue: (i) the ability to create a separate, rogue, EDK that will also decrypt the underlying object to produce desired plaintext, and (ii) permission to upload a new instruction file to the S3 bucket to replace the existing instruction file placed there by the user using the S3C. Any future attempt to decrypt the underlying encrypted message with the S3EC will unwittingly use the rogue EDK to produce a valid plaintext message.
Impacted versions: <= 1.207.0
Patches
We are introducing the concept of "key commitment" to S3EC where the EDK is cryptographically bound to the ciphertext in order to address this issue. In order to maintain compatibility for in-flight messages we are releasing the fix in two versions. A code-compatible minor version that can read messages with key-commitment but not write them, and a new major version that can both read and write messages with key-commitment. For maximum safety customers are asked to upgrade to the latest major version: 1.208.0 or later.
Workarounds
There are no workarounds, please upgrade to the suggested version of S3EC.
References
If customers have any questions or comments about this advisory, AWS SDK for Ruby asks that they contact AWS Security via the issue reporting page or directly via email to aws-security@amazon.com. Please do not create a public GitHub issue.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "aws-sdk-s3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.208.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-14762"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-18T18:51:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-17T21:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nS3 Encryption Client for Ruby is an open-source client-side encryption library used to facilitate writing and reading encrypted records to S3. \n\nWhen the encrypted data key (EDK) is stored in an \"Instruction File\" instead of S3\u0027s metadata record, the EDK is exposed to an \"Invisible Salamanders\" attack (https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/016), which could allow the EDK to be replaced with a new key. \n\n\n\n## Impact\n\n### Background - Key Commitment\n\nThere is a cryptographic property whereby under certain conditions, a single ciphertext can be decrypted into 2 different plaintexts by using different encryption keys. To address this issue, strong encryption schemes use what is known as \"key commitment\", a process by which an encrypted message can only be decrypted by one key; the key used to originally encrypt the message. \n\nIn older versions of S3EC, when customers are also using a feature called \"Instruction File\" to store EDKs, key commitment is not implemented because multiple EDKs could be associated to an underlying encrypted message object. For such customers an attack that leverages the lack of key commitment is possible. A bad actor would need two things to leverage this issue: (i) the ability to create a separate, rogue, EDK that will also decrypt the underlying object to produce desired plaintext, and (ii) permission to upload a new instruction file to the S3 bucket to replace the existing instruction file placed there by the user using the S3C. Any future attempt to decrypt the underlying encrypted message with the S3EC will unwittingly use the rogue EDK to produce a valid plaintext message.\n\nImpacted versions: \u003c= 1.207.0\n\n\n\n## Patches\n\nWe are introducing the concept of \"key commitment\" to S3EC where the EDK is cryptographically bound to the ciphertext in order to address this issue. In order to maintain compatibility for in-flight messages we are releasing the fix in two versions. A code-compatible minor version that can read messages with key-commitment but not write them, and a new major version that can both read and write messages with key-commitment. For maximum safety customers are asked to upgrade to the latest major version: 1.208.0 or later.\n\n\n\nWorkarounds\n\nThere are no workarounds, please upgrade to the suggested version of S3EC.\n\nReferences\n\nIf customers have any questions or comments about this advisory, AWS SDK for Ruby asks that they contact AWS Security via the issue reporting page or directly via email to [aws-security@amazon.com](mailto:aws-security@amazon.com). Please do not create a public GitHub issue.",
"id": "GHSA-2xgq-q749-89fq",
"modified": "2025-12-20T05:35:01Z",
"published": "2025-12-18T18:51:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-ruby/security/advisories/GHSA-2xgq-q749-89fq"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-14762"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-ruby/commit/b633ba10cd2fbc4cc770b76ab531ed9647654044"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://aws.amazon.com/security/security-bulletins/AWS-2025-032"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-ruby"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/aws-sdk-s3/CVE-2025-14762.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rubygems.org/gems/aws-sdk-s3/versions/1.208.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "AWS SDK for Ruby\u0027s S3 Encryption Client has a Key Commitment Issue"
}
GHSA-4CX2-FC23-5WG6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-13 12:31 – Updated: 2026-05-13 16:23
VLAI
Summary
Bouncy Castle for Java bcpkix, bcprov, bcpkix-fips on All (API modules) allows Excessive Allocation
Details
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. Bouncy Castle for Java bcpkix, bcprov, bcpkix-fips on All (API modules) allows Excessive Allocation. This vulnerability is associated with program files https://github.Com/bcgit/bc-java/blob/main/pkix/src/main/java/org/bouncycastle/pkix/jcajce/PKIXCertP... https://github.Com/bcgit/bc-java/blob/main/pkix/src/main/java/org/bouncycastle/pkix/jcajce/PKIXCertPathReviewer.java , https://github.Com/bcgit/bc-java/blob/main/prov/src/main/java/org/bouncycastle/x509/PKIXCertPathRevi... https://github.Com/bcgit/bc-java/blob/main/prov/src/main/java/org/bouncycastle/x509/PKIXCertPathReviewer.java .
This issue affects Bouncy Castle for Java: from BC 1.44 through 1.78, from BCPKIX FIPS 1.0.0 through 1.0.7, from BCPKIX FIPS 2.0.0 through 2.0.7.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.44"
},
{
"fixed": "1.79"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15to18"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.44"
},
{
"fixed": "1.79"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk18on"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.44"
},
{
"fixed": "1.79"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.0.7"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-fips"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.0.7"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-fips"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8916"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-08-13T22:52:42Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-13T10:15:27Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. Bouncy Castle for Java bcpkix, bcprov, bcpkix-fips on All (API modules) allows Excessive Allocation. This vulnerability is associated with program files https://github.Com/bcgit/bc-java/blob/main/pkix/src/main/java/org/bouncycastle/pkix/jcajce/PKIXCertP... https://github.Com/bcgit/bc-java/blob/main/pkix/src/main/java/org/bouncycastle/pkix/jcajce/PKIXCertPathReviewer.java , https://github.Com/bcgit/bc-java/blob/main/prov/src/main/java/org/bouncycastle/x509/PKIXCertPathRevi... https://github.Com/bcgit/bc-java/blob/main/prov/src/main/java/org/bouncycastle/x509/PKIXCertPathReviewer.java .\n\nThis issue affects Bouncy Castle for Java: from BC 1.44 through 1.78, from BCPKIX FIPS 1.0.0 through 1.0.7, from BCPKIX FIPS 2.0.0 through 2.0.7.",
"id": "GHSA-4cx2-fc23-5wg6",
"modified": "2026-05-13T16:23:20Z",
"published": "2025-08-13T12:31:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8916"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bcgit/bc-java/commit/310b30a4fbf36d13f6cc201ffa7771715641e67e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bcgit/bc-java/commit/ff444a479942d88de64004dc82c3ee32a9e9075a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-032379.html"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/bcgit/bc-java"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bcgit/bc-java/wiki/CVE%E2%80%902025%E2%80%908916"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/S:P/R:U/RE:M/U:Amber",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Bouncy Castle for Java bcpkix, bcprov, bcpkix-fips on All (API modules) allows Excessive Allocation"
}
GHSA-6XW4-3V39-52MM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-10 17:33 – Updated: 2025-10-13 15:46
VLAI
Summary
Rack is vulnerable to a memory-exhaustion DoS through unbounded URL-encoded body parsing
Details
Summary
Rack::Request#POST reads the entire request body into memory for Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded, calling rack.input.read(nil) without enforcing a length or cap. Large request bodies can therefore be buffered completely into process memory before parsing, leading to denial of service (DoS) through memory exhaustion.
Details
When handling non-multipart form submissions, Rack’s request parser performs:
form_vars = get_header(RACK_INPUT).read
Since read is called with no argument, the entire request body is loaded into a Ruby String. This occurs before query parameter parsing or enforcement of any params_limit. As a result, Rack applications without an upstream body-size limit can experience unbounded memory allocation proportional to request size.
Impact
Attackers can send large application/x-www-form-urlencoded bodies to consume process memory, causing slowdowns or termination by the operating system (OOM). The effect scales linearly with request size and concurrency. Even with parsing limits configured, the issue occurs before those limits are enforced.
Mitigation
- Update to a patched version of Rack that enforces form parameter limits using
query_parser.bytesize_limit, preventing unbounded reads ofapplication/x-www-form-urlencodedbodies. - Enforce strict maximum body size at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx
client_max_body_size, ApacheLimitRequestBody).
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "rack"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "rack"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.1.18"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "rack"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.2"
},
{
"fixed": "3.2.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-61919"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-10T17:33:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-10T20:15:37Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\n`Rack::Request#POST` reads the entire request body into memory for `Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded`, calling `rack.input.read(nil)` without enforcing a length or cap. Large request bodies can therefore be buffered completely into process memory before parsing, leading to denial of service (DoS) through memory exhaustion.\n\n## Details\n\nWhen handling non-multipart form submissions, Rack\u2019s request parser performs:\n\n```ruby\nform_vars = get_header(RACK_INPUT).read\n```\n\nSince `read` is called with no argument, the entire request body is loaded into a Ruby `String`. This occurs before query parameter parsing or enforcement of any `params_limit`. As a result, Rack applications without an upstream body-size limit can experience unbounded memory allocation proportional to request size.\n\n## Impact\n\nAttackers can send large `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` bodies to consume process memory, causing slowdowns or termination by the operating system (OOM). The effect scales linearly with request size and concurrency. Even with parsing limits configured, the issue occurs *before* those limits are enforced.\n\n## Mitigation\n\n* Update to a patched version of Rack that enforces form parameter limits using `query_parser.bytesize_limit`, preventing unbounded reads of `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` bodies.\n* Enforce strict maximum body size at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx `client_max_body_size`, Apache `LimitRequestBody`).",
"id": "GHSA-6xw4-3v39-52mm",
"modified": "2025-10-13T15:46:17Z",
"published": "2025-10-10T17:33:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/security/advisories/GHSA-6xw4-3v39-52mm"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-61919"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/4e2c903991a790ee211a3021808ff4fd6fe82881"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/cbd541e8a3d0c5830a3c9a30d3718ce2e124f9db"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/e179614c4a653283286f5f046428cbb85f21146f"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/rack/rack"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/rack/CVE-2025-61919.yml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Rack is vulnerable to a memory-exhaustion DoS through unbounded URL-encoded body parsing"
}
GHSA-72QJ-48G4-5XGX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 17:32 – Updated: 2026-01-21 16:54
VLAI
Summary
JRuby-OpenSSL has hostname verification disabled by default
Details
Summary
When verifying SSL certificates, jruby-openssl is not verifying that the hostname presented in the certificate matches the one we are trying to connect to, meaning a MITM could just present any valid cert for a completely different domain they own, and JRuby wouldn't complain.
Details
n/a
PoC
An example domain bad.substitutealert.com was created to present the a certificate for the domain s8a.me. The following script run in IRB in CRuby 3.4.3 will fail with certificate verify failed (hostname mismatch), but will work just fine in JRuby 10.0.0.0 and JRuby 9.4.2.0, both of which use jruby-openssl version 0.15.3
require "net/http"
require "openssl"
uri = URI("https://bad.substitutealert.com/")
https = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port)
https.use_ssl = true
https.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER
body = https.start { https.get(uri.request_uri).body }
puts body
Impact
Anybody using JRuby to make requests of external APIs, or scraping the web, that depends on https to connect securely
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "rubygems:jruby-openssl"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.12.1"
},
{
"fixed": "0.15.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jruby:jruby"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.0.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.0.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jruby:jruby"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.3.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.4.12.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "jruby-openssl"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.12.1"
},
{
"fixed": "0.15.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-46551"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-295",
"CWE-297"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-05-07T17:32:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T17:15:58Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nWhen verifying SSL certificates, jruby-openssl is not verifying that the hostname presented in the certificate matches the one we are trying to connect to, meaning a MITM could just present _any_ valid cert for a completely different domain they own, and JRuby wouldn\u0027t complain. \n\n### Details\nn/a\n\n### PoC\nAn example domain bad.substitutealert.com was created to present the a certificate for the domain s8a.me. The following script run in IRB in CRuby 3.4.3 will fail with `certificate verify failed (hostname mismatch)`, but will work just fine in JRuby 10.0.0.0 and JRuby 9.4.2.0, both of which use jruby-openssl version 0.15.3\n\n```ruby\nrequire \"net/http\"\nrequire \"openssl\"\n\nuri = URI(\"https://bad.substitutealert.com/\")\nhttps = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port)\nhttps.use_ssl = true\nhttps.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER\n\nbody = https.start { https.get(uri.request_uri).body }\nputs body\n```\n\n### Impact\nAnybody using JRuby to make requests of external APIs, or scraping the web, that depends on https to connect securely",
"id": "GHSA-72qj-48g4-5xgx",
"modified": "2026-01-21T16:54:31Z",
"published": "2025-05-07T17:32:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jruby/jruby-openssl/security/advisories/GHSA-72qj-48g4-5xgx"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-46551"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jruby/jruby-openssl/commit/31a56d690ce9b8af47af09aaaf809081949ed285"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jruby/jruby-openssl/commit/b1fc5d645c0d90891b8865925ac1c15e3f15a055"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jruby/jruby-openssl"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/jruby-openssl/CVE-2025-46551.yml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "JRuby-OpenSSL has hostname verification disabled by default"
}
GHSA-C2F4-JGMC-Q2R5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-17 18:26 – Updated: 2025-09-19 14:41
VLAI
Summary
REXML has DoS condition when parsing malformed XML file
Details
Impact
The REXML gems from 3.3.3 to 3.4.1 have a DoS vulnerability when parsing XML containing multiple XML declarations. If you need to parse untrusted XMLs, you may be impacted to these vulnerabilities.
Patches
REXML gems 3.4.2 or later include the patches to fix these vulnerabilities.
Workarounds
Don't parse untrusted XMLs.
References
- https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2025/09/18/dos-rexml-cve-2025-58767/ : An announcement on www.ruby-lang.org
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.4.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "rexml"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.3.3"
},
{
"fixed": "3.4.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-58767"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-776"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-17T18:26:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-17T18:15:52Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe REXML gems from 3.3.3 to 3.4.1 have a DoS vulnerability when parsing XML containing multiple XML declarations.\nIf you need to parse untrusted XMLs, you may be impacted to these vulnerabilities.\n\n### Patches\n\nREXML gems 3.4.2 or later include the patches to fix these vulnerabilities.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDon\u0027t parse untrusted XMLs.\n\n### References\n\n* https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2025/09/18/dos-rexml-cve-2025-58767/ : An announcement on www.ruby-lang.org",
"id": "GHSA-c2f4-jgmc-q2r5",
"modified": "2025-09-19T14:41:30Z",
"published": "2025-09-17T18:26:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/rexml/security/advisories/GHSA-c2f4-jgmc-q2r5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58767"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/rexml/commit/5859bdeac792687eaf93d8e8f0b7e3c1e2ed5c23"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ruby/rexml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/rexml/CVE-2025-58767.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2025/09/18/dos-rexml-cve-2025-58767"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "REXML has DoS condition when parsing malformed XML file"
}
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Trend slope:
-
(linear fit over daily sighting counts)
Show additional events:
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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