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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eshell-quote\u0027s `quote()` function did not validate object-token inputs against the operator model used by `parse()`. The `.op` field was backslash-escaped character by character using `/(.)/g`, which in JavaScript does not match line terminators (\\n, \\r, U+2028, U+2029). A line terminator in `.op` therefore passed through unescaped into the output; POSIX shells treat a literal newline as a command separator, so any content after it would execute as a second command. The vulnerable code path is reachable in two ways: (1) direct construction of `{ op: \u0027...\\n...\u0027 }` from external input, and (2) via `parse(cmd, envFn)` when `envFn` returns object tokens whose `.op` is attacker-influenced. Both are documented API surface. Fixed by replacing the per-character escape with strict shape validation: `.op` must match the parser\u0027s control-operator allowlist; `{ op: \u0027glob\u0027, pattern }` validates `pattern` and forbids line terminators; `{ comment }` validates `comment` and forbids line terminators; any other object shape throws `TypeError`.\u003c/p\u003e"
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003e### Summary\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e`qs.stringify` throws `TypeError` when called with `arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027` and `encodeValuesOnly: true` on an array containing `null` or `undefined`. The throw is synchronous and not handled by any of qs\u0027s null-related options (`skipNulls`, `strictNullHandling`).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e### Details\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the comma + `encodeValuesOnly` branch, `lib/stringify.js:145` mapped the array through the raw encoder before joining:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e```js\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eobj = utils.maybeMap(obj, encoder);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e```\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e`utils.encode` (`lib/utils.js:195`) reads `str.length` with no null guard, so a `null` or `undefined` element throws `TypeError`. `skipNulls` and `strictNullHandling` are both checked in the per-element loop below this line and never get a chance to run.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSame class of bug as the filter-array path fixed in 0c180a4. The vulnerable shape of the comma + `encodeValuesOnly` branch was introduced in 4c4b23d (\"encode comma values more consistently\", PR #463, 2023-01-19), first released in v6.11.1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e#### PoC\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e```js\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003econst qs = require(\u0027qs\u0027);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eqs.stringify({ a: [null, \u0027b\u0027] },      { arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027, encodeValuesOnly: true });\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eqs.stringify({ a: [undefined, \u0027b\u0027] }, { arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027, encodeValuesOnly: true });\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eqs.stringify({ a: [null] },           { arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027, encodeValuesOnly: true });\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e// TypeError: Cannot read properties of null (reading \u0027length\u0027)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e//     at encode (lib/utils.js:195:13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e//     at Object.maybeMap (lib/utils.js:322:37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e//     at stringify (lib/stringify.js:145:25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e```\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e#### Fix\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e`lib/stringify.js:145`, applied in 21f80b3 on `main` and released as v6.15.2:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e```diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- obj = utils.maybeMap(obj, encoder);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e+ obj = utils.maybeMap(obj, function (v) {\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e+     return v == null ? v : encoder(v);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e+ });\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e```\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e`null` and `undefined` now pass through `maybeMap` unchanged and reach the `join(\u0027,\u0027)` step as-is. For `{ a: [null, \u0027b\u0027] }` this produces `a=,b`, matching the non-`encodeValuesOnly` comma path (which already joins before encoding and produces `a=%2Cb` for the same input). Single-element `[null]` arrays still collapse via the existing `obj.join(\u0027,\u0027) || null` and remain subject to `skipNulls` / `strictNullHandling` in the main loop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e### Affected versions\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e`\u0026gt;=6.11.1 \u0026lt;6.15.2` \u2014 fixed in v6.15.2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe vulnerable code shape was introduced in 4c4b23d and first shipped in v6.11.1. Earlier versions \u2014 including all of 6.7.x, 6.8.x, 6.9.x, 6.10.x, and 6.11.0 \u2014 implemented the comma + `encodeValuesOnly` path differently (joining before encoding) and are not affected. Empirically verified across released versions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e### Impact\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplication code that calls `qs.stringify` with both `arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027` and `encodeValuesOnly: true` (both non-default) on input that may contain a `null` or `undefined` array element will throw synchronously instead of producing a query string. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework (Express, Fastify, Koa, hapi) the sync throw is caught by the framework\u0027s error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the worker process does not exit and subsequent requests are unaffected. The \"kills the worker process\" framing applies only to call sites outside a request-handler error boundary (background jobs, startup paths, stream pipelines) or to deployments with framework error handling explicitly disabled.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe vulnerable input is a `null` or `undefined` entry inside an array; this is reachable from JSON request bodies or from application code constructing arrays from user input, but not from standard HTML form submissions (which produce strings or omitted fields, not literal `null`).\u003c/p\u003e"
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          "value": "### Summary\n\n\n\n`qs.stringify` throws `TypeError` when called with `arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027` and `encodeValuesOnly: true` on an array containing `null` or `undefined`. The throw is synchronous and not handled by any of qs\u0027s null-related options (`skipNulls`, `strictNullHandling`).\n\n\n\n### Details\n\n\n\nIn the comma + `encodeValuesOnly` branch, `lib/stringify.js:145` mapped the array through the raw encoder before joining:\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nobj = utils.maybeMap(obj, encoder);\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n`utils.encode` (`lib/utils.js:195`) reads `str.length` with no null guard, so a `null` or `undefined` element throws `TypeError`. `skipNulls` and `strictNullHandling` are both checked in the per-element loop below this line and never get a chance to run.\n\n\n\nSame class of bug as the filter-array path fixed in 0c180a4. The vulnerable shape of the comma + `encodeValuesOnly` branch was introduced in 4c4b23d (\"encode comma values more consistently\", PR #463, 2023-01-19), first released in v6.11.1.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nconst qs = require(\u0027qs\u0027);\n\n\n\nqs.stringify({ a: [null, \u0027b\u0027] },      { arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027, encodeValuesOnly: true });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify({ a: [undefined, \u0027b\u0027] }, { arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027, encodeValuesOnly: true });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify({ a: [null] },           { arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027, encodeValuesOnly: true });\n\n\n\n// TypeError: Cannot read properties of null (reading \u0027length\u0027)\n\n\n\n//     at encode (lib/utils.js:195:13)\n\n\n\n//     at Object.maybeMap (lib/utils.js:322:37)\n\n\n\n//     at stringify (lib/stringify.js:145:25)\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\n`lib/stringify.js:145`, applied in 21f80b3 on `main` and released as v6.15.2:\n\n\n\n```diff\n\n\n\n- obj = utils.maybeMap(obj, encoder);\n\n\n\n+ obj = utils.maybeMap(obj, function (v) {\n\n\n\n+     return v == null ? v : encoder(v);\n\n\n\n+ });\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n`null` and `undefined` now pass through `maybeMap` unchanged and reach the `join(\u0027,\u0027)` step as-is. For `{ a: [null, \u0027b\u0027] }` this produces `a=,b`, matching the non-`encodeValuesOnly` comma path (which already joins before encoding and produces `a=%2Cb` for the same input). Single-element `[null]` arrays still collapse via the existing `obj.join(\u0027,\u0027) || null` and remain subject to `skipNulls` / `strictNullHandling` in the main loop.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`\u003e=6.11.1 \u003c6.15.2` \u2014 fixed in v6.15.2.\n\n\n\nThe vulnerable code shape was introduced in 4c4b23d and first shipped in v6.11.1. Earlier versions \u2014 including all of 6.7.x, 6.8.x, 6.9.x, 6.10.x, and 6.11.0 \u2014 implemented the comma + `encodeValuesOnly` path differently (joining before encoding) and are not affected. Empirically verified across released versions.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nApplication code that calls `qs.stringify` with both `arrayFormat: \u0027comma\u0027` and `encodeValuesOnly: true` (both non-default) on input that may contain a `null` or `undefined` array element will throw synchronously instead of producing a query string. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework (Express, Fastify, Koa, hapi) the sync throw is caught by the framework\u0027s error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the worker process does not exit and subsequent requests are unaffected. The \"kills the worker process\" framing applies only to call sites outside a request-handler error boundary (background jobs, startup paths, stream pipelines) or to deployments with framework error handling explicitly disabled.\n\n\n\nThe vulnerable input is a `null` or `undefined` entry inside an array; this is reachable from JSON request bodies or from application code constructing arrays from user input, but not from standard HTML form submissions (which produce strings or omitted fields, not literal `null`)."
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              "value": "### Summary\u003cbr\u003eThe `arrayLimit` option in qs does not enforce limits for comma-separated values when `comma: true` is enabled, allowing attackers to cause denial-of-service via memory exhaustion. This is a bypass of the array limit enforcement, similar to the bracket notation bypass addressed in GHSA-6rw7-vpxm-498p (CVE-2025-15284).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e### Details\u003cbr\u003eWhen the `comma` option is set to `true` (not the default, but configurable in applications), qs allows parsing comma-separated strings as arrays (e.g., `?param=a,b,c` becomes `[\u0027a\u0027, \u0027b\u0027, \u0027c\u0027]`). However, the limit check for `arrayLimit` (default: 20) and the optional throwOnLimitExceeded occur after the comma-handling logic in `parseArrayValue`, enabling a bypass. This permits creation of arbitrarily large arrays from a single parameter, leading to excessive memory allocation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e**Vulnerable code** (lib/parse.js: lines ~40-50):\u003cbr\u003e```js\u003cbr\u003eif (val \u0026amp;\u0026amp; typeof val === \u0027string\u0027 \u0026amp;\u0026amp; options.comma \u0026amp;\u0026amp; val.indexOf(\u0027,\u0027) \u0026gt; -1) {\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; return val.split(\u0027,\u0027);\u003cbr\u003e}\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eif (options.throwOnLimitExceeded \u0026amp;\u0026amp; currentArrayLength \u0026gt;= options.arrayLimit) {\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; throw new RangeError(\u0027Array limit exceeded. Only \u0027 + options.arrayLimit + \u0027 element\u0027 + (options.arrayLimit === 1 ? \u0027\u0027 : \u0027s\u0027) + \u0027 allowed in an array.\u0027);\u003cbr\u003e}\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ereturn val;\u003cbr\u003e```\u003cbr\u003eThe `split(\u0027,\u0027)` returns the array immediately, skipping the subsequent limit check. Downstream merging via `utils.combine` does not prevent allocation, even if it marks overflows for sparse arrays.This discrepancy allows attackers to send a single parameter with millions of commas (e.g., `?param=,,,,,,,,...`), allocating massive arrays in memory without triggering limits. It bypasses the intent of `arrayLimit`, which is enforced correctly for indexed (`a[0]=`) and bracket (`a[]=`) notations (the latter fixed in v6.14.1 per GHSA-6rw7-vpxm-498p).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e### PoC\u003cbr\u003e**Test 1 - Basic bypass:**\u003cbr\u003e```\u003cbr\u003enpm install qs\u003cbr\u003e```\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e```js\u003cbr\u003econst qs = require(\u0027qs\u0027);\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003econst payload = \u0027a=\u0027 + \u0027,\u0027.repeat(25);  // 26 elements after split (bypasses arrayLimit: 5)\u003cbr\u003econst options = { comma: true, arrayLimit: 5, throwOnLimitExceeded: true };\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003etry {\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp; const result = qs.parse(payload, options);\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp; console.log(result.a.length);  // Outputs: 26 (bypass successful)\u003cbr\u003e} catch (e) {\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp; console.log(\u0027Limit enforced:\u0027, e.message);  // Not thrown\u003cbr\u003e}\u003cbr\u003e```\u003cbr\u003e**Configuration:**\u003cbr\u003e- `comma: true`\u003cbr\u003e- `arrayLimit: 5`\u003cbr\u003e- `throwOnLimitExceeded: true`\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExpected: Throws \"Array limit exceeded\" error.\u003cbr\u003eActual: Parses successfully, creating an array of length 26.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e### Impact\u003cbr\u003eDenial of Service (DoS) via memory exhaustion.\u003cbr\u003e"
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          "value": "### Summary\nThe `arrayLimit` option in qs does not enforce limits for comma-separated values when `comma: true` is enabled, allowing attackers to cause denial-of-service via memory exhaustion. This is a bypass of the array limit enforcement, similar to the bracket notation bypass addressed in GHSA-6rw7-vpxm-498p (CVE-2025-15284).\n\n### Details\nWhen the `comma` option is set to `true` (not the default, but configurable in applications), qs allows parsing comma-separated strings as arrays (e.g., `?param=a,b,c` becomes `[\u0027a\u0027, \u0027b\u0027, \u0027c\u0027]`). However, the limit check for `arrayLimit` (default: 20) and the optional throwOnLimitExceeded occur after the comma-handling logic in `parseArrayValue`, enabling a bypass. This permits creation of arbitrarily large arrays from a single parameter, leading to excessive memory allocation.\n\n**Vulnerable code** (lib/parse.js: lines ~40-50):\n```js\nif (val \u0026\u0026 typeof val === \u0027string\u0027 \u0026\u0026 options.comma \u0026\u0026 val.indexOf(\u0027,\u0027) \u003e -1) {\n\u00a0 \u00a0 return val.split(\u0027,\u0027);\n}\n\nif (options.throwOnLimitExceeded \u0026\u0026 currentArrayLength \u003e= options.arrayLimit) {\n\u00a0 \u00a0 throw new RangeError(\u0027Array limit exceeded. Only \u0027 + options.arrayLimit + \u0027 element\u0027 + (options.arrayLimit === 1 ? \u0027\u0027 : \u0027s\u0027) + \u0027 allowed in an array.\u0027);\n}\n\nreturn val;\n```\nThe `split(\u0027,\u0027)` returns the array immediately, skipping the subsequent limit check. Downstream merging via `utils.combine` does not prevent allocation, even if it marks overflows for sparse arrays.This discrepancy allows attackers to send a single parameter with millions of commas (e.g., `?param=,,,,,,,,...`), allocating massive arrays in memory without triggering limits. It bypasses the intent of `arrayLimit`, which is enforced correctly for indexed (`a[0]=`) and bracket (`a[]=`) notations (the latter fixed in v6.14.1 per GHSA-6rw7-vpxm-498p).\n\n### PoC\n**Test 1 - Basic bypass:**\n```\nnpm install qs\n```\n\n```js\nconst qs = require(\u0027qs\u0027);\n\nconst payload = \u0027a=\u0027 + \u0027,\u0027.repeat(25);  // 26 elements after split (bypasses arrayLimit: 5)\nconst options = { comma: true, arrayLimit: 5, throwOnLimitExceeded: true };\n\ntry {\n\u00a0 const result = qs.parse(payload, options);\n\u00a0 console.log(result.a.length);  // Outputs: 26 (bypass successful)\n} catch (e) {\n\u00a0 console.log(\u0027Limit enforced:\u0027, e.message);  // Not thrown\n}\n```\n**Configuration:**\n- `comma: true`\n- `arrayLimit: 5`\n- `throwOnLimitExceeded: true`\n\nExpected: Throws \"Array limit exceeded\" error.\nActual: Parses successfully, creating an array of length 26.\n\n\n### Impact\nDenial of Service (DoS) via memory exhaustion."
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