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CWE-22
Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
CVE-2026-27523 (GCVE-0-2026-27523)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-18 01:34 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:14
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.2.24 - Sandbox Bind Validation Bypass via Symlink-Parent Missing-Leaf Paths
Summary
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.24 contain a sandbox bind validation vulnerability allowing attackers to bypass allowed-root and blocked-path checks via symlinked parent directories with non-existent leaf paths. Attackers can craft bind source paths that appear within allowed roots but resolve outside sandbox boundaries once missing leaf components are created, weakening bind-source isolation enforcement.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/b5787… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-san… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-02-25 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2026-27598 (GCVE-0-2026-27598)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 00:27 – Updated: 2026-02-26 21:02
VLAI
Title
Dagu: Path traversal in DAG creation allows arbitrary YAML file write outside DAGs directory
Summary
Dagu is a workflow engine with a built-in Web user interface. In versions up to and including 1.16.7, the `CreateNewDAG` API endpoint (`POST /api/v1/dags`) does not validate the DAG name before passing it to the file store. An authenticated user with DAG write permissions can write arbitrary YAML files anywhere on the filesystem (limited by the process permissions). Since dagu executes DAG files as shell commands, writing a malicious DAG to the DAGs directory of another instance or overwriting config files can lead to remote code execution. Commit e2ed589105d79273e4e6ac8eb31525f765bb3ce4 fixes the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/dagu-org/dagu/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/dagu-org/dagu/commit/e2ed58910… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-27606 (GCVE-0-2026-27606)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 02:08 – Updated: 2026-07-01 12:04
VLAI
Title
Rollup 4 has Arbitrary File Write via Path Traversal
Summary
Rollup is a module bundler for JavaScript. Versions prior to 2.80.0, 3.30.0, and 4.59.0 of the Rollup module bundler (specifically v4.x and present in current source) is vulnerable to an Arbitrary File Write via Path Traversal. Insecure file name sanitization in the core engine allows an attacker to control output filenames (e.g., via CLI named inputs, manual chunk aliases, or malicious plugins) and use traversal sequences (`../`) to overwrite files anywhere on the host filesystem that the build process has permissions for. This can lead to persistent Remote Code Execution (RCE) by overwriting critical system or user configuration files. Versions 2.80.0, 3.30.0, and 4.59.0 contain a patch for the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
20 references
Impacted products
30 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| rollup | rollup |
Affected:
< 2.80.0
Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.30.0 Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 4.59.0 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.5::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_inside:2.5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9 |
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|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9 |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.9::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.27 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.27::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 2.6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:2.6::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Quay 3.10 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer 1.3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:trusted_artifact_signer:1.3::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Pipelines |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop - Tech Preview |
cpe:/a:redhat:podman_desktop:0 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Fuse 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift distributed tracing 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_distributed_tracing:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Single Sign-On 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Self-service automation portal 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 10 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el10 cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform_developer:2.6::el10 |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Service Mesh 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AMQ Broker 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:amq_broker:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of OptaPlanner 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:optaplanner:::el6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI (RHEL AI) 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack |
cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4 |
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CVE-2026-27625 (GCVE-0-2026-27625)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-20 08:44 – Updated: 2026-03-20 15:37
VLAI
Title
Stirling-PDF Zip Slip: Arbitrary File Write via Path Traversal in Markdown-to-PDF ZIP Extraction
Summary
Stirling-PDF is a locally hosted web application that performs various operations on PDF files. In versions prior to 2.5.2, the /api/v1/convert/markdown/pdf endpoint extracts user-supplied ZIP entries without path checks. Any authenticated user can write files outside the intended temporary working directory, leading to arbitrary file write with the privileges of the Stirling-PDF process user (stirlingpdfuser). This can overwrite writable files and compromise data integrity, with further impact depending on writable paths. The issue was fixed in version 2.5.2.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/se… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/re… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stirling-Tools | Stirling-PDF |
Affected:
< 2.5.2
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CVE-2026-27699 (GCVE-0-2026-27699)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 14:58 – Updated: 2026-02-27 17:04
VLAI
Title
Basic FTP has Path Traversal Vulnerability in its downloadToDir() method
Summary
The `basic-ftp` FTP client library for Node.js contains a path traversal vulnerability (CWE-22) in versions prior to 5.2.0 in the `downloadToDir()` method. A malicious FTP server can send directory listings with filenames containing path traversal sequences (`../`) that cause files to be written outside the intended download directory. Version 5.2.0 patches the issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/patrickjuchli/basic-ftp/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/patrickjuchli/basic-ftp/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/patrickjuchli/basic-ftp/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| patrickjuchli | basic-ftp |
Affected:
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CVE-2026-27704 (GCVE-0-2026-27704)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 15:17 – Updated: 2026-02-25 20:27
VLAI
Title
Dart SDK and Flutter SDK have Zip slip in Dart Pub package extraction
Summary
The Dart and Flutter SDKs provide software development kits for the Dart programming language. In versions of the Dart SDK prior to 3.11.0 and the Flutter SDK prior to version 3.41.0, when the pub client (`dart pub` and `flutter pub`) extracts a package in the pub cache, a malicious package archive can have files extracted outside the destination directory in the `PUB_CACHE`. A fix has been landed in commit 26c6985c742593d081f8b58450f463a584a4203a. By normalizing the file path before writing file, the attacker can no longer traverse up via a symlink. This patch is released in Dart 3.11.0 and Flutter 3.41.0.vAll packages on pub.dev have been vetted for this vulnerability. New packages are no longer allowed to contain symlinks. The pub client itself doesn't upload symlinks, but duplicates the linked entry, and has been doing this for years. Those whose dependencies are all from pub.dev, third-party repositories trusted to not contain malicious code, or git dependencies are not affected by this vulnerability.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/dart-lang/pub/commit/26c6985c7… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-27734 (GCVE-0-2026-27734)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-27 19:41 – Updated: 2026-03-02 12:52
VLAI
Title
Beszel Vulnerable to Docker API Path Traversal via Unsanitized Container ID
Summary
Beszel is a server monitoring platform. Prior to version 0.18.2, the hub's authenticated API endpoints GET /api/beszel/containers/logs and GET /api/beszel/containers/info pass the user-supplied "container" query parameter to the agent without validation. The agent constructs Docker Engine API URLs using fmt.Sprintf with the raw value instead of url.PathEscape(). Since Go's http.Client does not sanitize `../` sequences from URL paths sent over unix sockets, an authenticated user (including readonly role) can traverse to arbitrary Docker API endpoints on agent hosts, exposing sensitive infrastructure details. Version 0.18.4 fixes the issue.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/henrygd/beszel/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/henrygd/beszel/releases/tag/v0.18.4 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-27735 (GCVE-0-2026-27735)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 23:45 – Updated: 2026-02-26 17:04
VLAI
Title
mcp-server-git : Path traversal in git_add allows staging files outside repository boundaries
Summary
Model Context Protocol Servers is a collection of reference implementations for the model context protocol (MCP). In mcp-server-git versions prior to 2026.1.14, the git_add tool did not validate that file paths provided in the files argument were within the repository boundaries. Because the tool used GitPython's repo.index.add() rather than the Git CLI, relative paths containing `../` sequences that resolve outside the repository were accepted and staged into the Git index. Users are advised to upgrade to 2026.1.14 or newer to remediate this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/servers/s… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/servers/p… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| modelcontextprotocol | servers |
Affected:
< 2026.1.14
|
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CVE-2026-27800 (GCVE-0-2026-27800)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 23:25 – Updated: 2026-02-26 17:04
VLAI
Title
Zed has Zip Slip Path Traversal in Extension Archive Extraction
Summary
Zed, a code editor, has a Zip Slip (Path Traversal) vulnerability exists in its extension archive extraction functionality prior to version 0.224.4. The `extract_zip()` function in `crates/util/src/archive.rs` fails to validate ZIP entry filenames for path traversal sequences (e.g., `../`). This allows a malicious extension to write files outside its designated sandbox directory by downloading and extracting a crafted ZIP archive. Version 0.224.4 fixes the issue.
Severity
7.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/zed-industries/zed/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| zed-industries | zed |
Affected:
< 0.224.4
|
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CVE-2026-27819 (GCVE-0-2026-27819)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 21:40 – Updated: 2026-02-26 20:24
VLAI
Title
Vikunja has Path Traversal in CLI Restore
Summary
Vikunja is an open-source self-hosted task management platform. Prior to version 2.0.0, the restoreConfig function in vikunja/pkg/modules/dump/restore.go of the go-vikunja/vikunja repository fails to sanitize file paths within the provided ZIP archive. A maliciously crafted ZIP can bypass the intended extraction directory to overwrite arbitrary files on the host system. Additionally, we’ve discovered that a malformed archive triggers a runtime panic, crashing the process immediately after the database has been wiped permanently. The application trusts the metadata in the ZIP archive. It uses the Name attribute of the zip.File struct directly in os.OpenFile calls without validation, allowing files to be written outside the intended directory. The restoration logic assumes a specific directory structure within the ZIP. When provided with a "minimalist" malicious ZIP, the application fails to validate the length of slices derived from the archive contents. Specifically, at line 154, the code attempts to access an index of len(ms)-2 on an insufficiently populated slice, triggering a panic. Version 2.0.0 fixes the issue.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/go-vikunja/vikunja/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://vikunja.io/changelog/vikunja-v2.0.0-was-r… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| go-vikunja | vikunja |
Affected:
< 2.0.0
|
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"value": "Vikunja is an open-source self-hosted task management platform. Prior to version 2.0.0, the restoreConfig function in vikunja/pkg/modules/dump/restore.go of the go-vikunja/vikunja repository fails to sanitize file paths within the provided ZIP archive. A maliciously crafted ZIP can bypass the intended extraction directory to overwrite arbitrary files on the host system. Additionally, we\u2019ve discovered that a malformed archive triggers a runtime panic, crashing the process immediately after the database has been wiped permanently. The application trusts the metadata in the ZIP archive. It uses the Name attribute of the zip.File struct directly in os.OpenFile calls without validation, allowing files to be written outside the intended directory. The restoration logic assumes a specific directory structure within the ZIP. When provided with a \"minimalist\" malicious ZIP, the application fails to validate the length of slices derived from the archive contents. Specifically, at line 154, the code attempts to access an index of len(ms)-2 on an insufficiently populated slice, triggering a panic. Version 2.0.0 fixes the issue."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.2,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-22",
"description": "CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-248",
"description": "CWE-248: Uncaught Exception",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-02-25T21:40:38.703Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/go-vikunja/vikunja/security/advisories/GHSA-42wg-38gx-85rh",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/go-vikunja/vikunja/security/advisories/GHSA-42wg-38gx-85rh"
},
{
"name": "https://vikunja.io/changelog/vikunja-v2.0.0-was-released",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://vikunja.io/changelog/vikunja-v2.0.0-was-released"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-42wg-38gx-85rh",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Vikunja has Path Traversal in CLI Restore"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-27819",
"datePublished": "2026-02-25T21:40:38.703Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-02-24T02:32:39.799Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T20:24:45.237Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation ID: MIT-5.1
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-20.1
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation ID: MIT-4
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation ID: MIT-29
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Description:
- Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation ID: MIT-17
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation ID: MIT-21.1
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
Description:
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-22
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Description:
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation ID: MIT-34
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Description:
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation ID: MIT-39
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation ID: MIT-16
Phases: Operation, Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.