Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.

CVE-2025-20187 (GCVE-0-2025-20187)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-07 17:18 – Updated: 2025-05-07 19:47
VLAI
Title
Cisco SD-WAN Manager Software Arbitrary File Creation Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the application data endpoints of Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager, formerly Cisco SD-WAN vManage, could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to write arbitrary files to an affected system. This vulnerability is due to improper validation of requests to APIs. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending malicious requests to an API within the affected system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to conduct directory traversal attacks and write files to an arbitrary location on the affected system.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Cisco Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager Affected: 20.1.12
Affected: 19.2.1
Affected: 18.4.4
Affected: 18.4.5
Affected: 20.1.1.1
Affected: 20.1.1
Affected: 19.3.0
Affected: 19.2.2
Affected: 19.2.099
Affected: 18.3.6
Affected: 18.3.7
Affected: 19.2.0
Affected: 18.3.8
Affected: 19.0.0
Affected: 19.1.0
Affected: 18.4.302
Affected: 18.4.303
Affected: 19.2.097
Affected: 19.2.098
Affected: 17.2.10
Affected: 18.3.6.1
Affected: 19.0.1a
Affected: 18.2.0
Affected: 18.4.3
Affected: 18.4.1
Affected: 17.2.8
Affected: 18.3.3.1
Affected: 18.4.0
Affected: 18.3.1
Affected: 17.2.6
Affected: 17.2.9
Affected: 18.3.4
Affected: 17.2.5
Affected: 18.3.1.1
Affected: 18.3.5
Affected: 18.4.0.1
Affected: 18.3.3
Affected: 17.2.7
Affected: 17.2.4
Affected: 18.3.0
Affected: 19.2.3
Affected: 18.4.501_ES
Affected: 20.3.1
Affected: 20.1.2
Affected: 19.2.929
Affected: 19.2.31
Affected: 20.3.2
Affected: 19.2.32
Affected: 20.3.2_925
Affected: 20.3.2.1
Affected: 20.3.2.1_927
Affected: 18.4.6
Affected: 20.1.2_937
Affected: 20.3.2_928
Affected: 20.3.2_929
Affected: 20.3.2.1_930
Affected: 19.2.4
Affected: 20.3.3
Affected: 19.2.4.0.1
Affected: 20.3.2_937
Affected: 20.3.3.1
Affected: 20.1.3
Affected: 20.3.3.1.2
Affected: 20.3.3.1.1
Affected: 20.3.3.1.7
Affected: 20.3.3.1.5
Affected: 20.3.3.1.10
Affected: 20.3.3.0.8
Affected: 20.3.4
Affected: 20.3.3.0.14
Affected: 19.2.4.0.8
Affected: 19.2.4.0.9
Affected: 20.3.4.0.1
Affected: 20.3.2.0.5
Affected: 20.3.3.0.17
Affected: 20.3.2.0.6
Affected: 20.3.3.0.16
Affected: 20.3.4.0.5
Affected: 20.3.4.0.6
Affected: 20.3.4.0.11
Affected: 20.3.3.0.18
Affected: 20.3.4.0.19
Affected: 20.3.4.0.20
Affected: 20.3.4.0.24
Affected: 20.10.1
Affected: 20.10.1_LI_Images
Affected: 20.11.1
Affected: 20.11.1_LI_Images
Affected: 20.3.3.2
Affected: 20.10.1.1
Affected: 20.3.4.0.25
Affected: 20.11.1.1
Affected: 20.3.4.0.26
Affected: 20.1.3.1
Affected: 20.11.1.2
Affected: 20.10.1.2
Affected: 20.12.1
Affected: 20.12.1_LI_Images
Affected: 20.12.2
Affected: 20.12.2_LI_Images
Affected: 20.13.1_LI_Images
Affected: 20.13.1
Affected: 20.12.3_LI_Images
Affected: 20.12.3
Affected: 20.14.1
Affected: 20.14.1_LI_Images
Affected: 20.12.3.1
Affected: 20.12.4
Affected: 20.15.1_LI_Images
Affected: 20.15.1
Affected: 20.12.4.0.03
Affected: 20.12.4_LI_Images
Affected: 20.12.4.0.4
Affected: 20.12.401
Affected: 20.12.4.1_LI_Images
Affected: 20.12.4.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-20259 (GCVE-0-2025-20259)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-04 16:22 – Updated: 2025-06-04 18:19
VLAI
Title
Cisco ThousandEyes Endpoint Agent for Windows Arbitrary File Write Vulnerability
Summary
Multiple vulnerabilities in the update process of Cisco ThousandEyes Endpoint Agent for Windows could allow an authenticated, local attacker to delete arbitrary files on an affected device. These vulnerabilities are due to improper access controls on files that are in the local file system. An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by using a symbolic link to perform an agent upgrade that redirects the delete operation of any protected file. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to delete arbitrary files from the file system of the affected device.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-20277 (GCVE-0-2025-20277)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-04 16:18 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:27
VLAI
Title
Cisco Unified Contact Center Express Path Traversal Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Unified CCX could allow an authenticated, local attacker to execute arbitrary code on an affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid administrative credentials. This vulnerability is due to improper limitation of a pathname to a restricted directory (path traversal). An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted web request to an affected device, followed by a specific command through an SSH session. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the underlying operating system of an affected device as a low-privilege user. A successful exploit could also allow the attacker to undertake further actions to elevate their privileges to root.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Cisco Cisco Unified Contact Center Express Affected: 10.6(1)
Affected: 10.5(1)SU1
Affected: 10.6(1)SU3
Affected: 12.0(1)
Affected: 10.0(1)SU1
Affected: 10.6(1)SU1
Affected: 11.0(1)SU1
Affected: 11.5(1)SU1
Affected: 10.5(1)
Affected: 11.6(1)
Affected: 11.6(2)
Affected: 12.5(1)
Affected: 12.5(1)SU1
Affected: 12.5(1)SU2
Affected: 12.5(1)SU3
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES01
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES03
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES04
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES03
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES01
Affected: 11.6(2)ES07
Affected: 11.6(2)ES08
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES01
Affected: 12.0(1)ES04
Affected: 12.5(1)ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)ES03
Affected: 11.6(2)ES06
Affected: 12.5(1)ES01
Affected: 12.0(1)ES03
Affected: 12.0(1)ES01
Affected: 11.6(2)ES05
Affected: 12.0(1)ES02
Affected: 11.6(2)ES04
Affected: 11.6(2)ES03
Affected: 11.6(2)ES02
Affected: 11.6(2)ES01
Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES03
Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES03
Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES01
Affected: 10.5(1)SU1ES10
Affected: 10.0(1)SU1ES04
Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES03
Affected: 11.6(1)ES02
Affected: 11.5(1)ES01
Affected: 9.0(2)SU3ES04
Affected: 10.6(1)SU2
Affected: 10.6(1)SU2ES04
Affected: 11.6(1)ES01
Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES02
Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES02
Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES01
Affected: 8.5(1)
Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES03
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES04
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES05
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES06
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-2032 (GCVE-0-2025-2032)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-06 16:31 – Updated: 2025-03-12 21:12
VLAI
Title
ChestnutCMS rename renameFile path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in ChestnutCMS 1.5.2. This vulnerability affects the function renameFile of the file /cms/file/rename. The manipulation of the argument rename leads to path traversal. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/?id.298774 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.298774 signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/?submit.512030 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/IceFoxH/VULN/issues/7 exploitissue-tracking
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n/a ChestnutCMS Affected: 1.5.2
Credits
icefoxh (VulDB User)
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-20344 (GCVE-0-2025-20344)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-27 16:22 – Updated: 2026-02-26 17:47
VLAI
Title
Cisco Nexus Dashboard Path Traversal Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the backup restore functionality of Cisco Nexus Dashboard could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to conduct a path traversal attack on an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of the contents of a backup file. An attacker with valid Administrator credentials could exploit this vulnerability by restoring a crafted backup file to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to gain root privileges on the underlying shell on the affected device.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Cisco Cisco Nexus Dashboard Affected: 1.1(3e)
Affected: 1.1(3c)
Affected: 1.1(3d)
Affected: 1.1(0d)
Affected: 1.1(2i)
Affected: 2.0(1b)
Affected: 1.1(2h)
Affected: 1.1(0c)
Affected: 1.1(3f)
Affected: 2.1(1d)
Affected: 2.1(1e)
Affected: 2.0(2g)
Affected: 2.0(2h)
Affected: 2.1(2d)
Affected: 2.0(1d)
Affected: 2.2(1h)
Affected: 2.2(1e)
Affected: 2.2(2d)
Affected: 2.1(2f)
Affected: 2.3(1c)
Affected: 2.3(2b)
Affected: 2.3(2c)
Affected: 2.3(2d)
Affected: 2.3(2e)
Affected: 3.0(1f)
Affected: 3.0(1i)
Affected: 3.1(1k)
Affected: 3.1(1l)
Affected: 3.2(1e)
Affected: 3.2(1i)
Affected: 3.3(1a)
Affected: 3.3(1b)
Affected: 3.3(2b)
Affected: 4.0(1i)
Affected: 3.3(2g)
Affected: 3.2(2f)
Affected: 3.2(2g)
Affected: 3.2(2m)
Affected: 3.1(1n)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-20374 (GCVE-0-2025-20374)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-05 16:31 – Updated: 2025-11-05 20:11
VLAI
Title
Cisco Unified Contact Center Express Arbitrary File Download Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the web UI of Cisco Unified CCX could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to perform a directory traversal and access arbitrary resources. This vulnerability is due to an insufficient input validation associated to specific UI features. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted request to the web UI. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to gain read access to arbitrary files on the underlying operating system. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid administrative credentials.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Cisco Cisco Unified Contact Center Express Affected: 10.5(1)SU1
Affected: 10.6(1)
Affected: 11.6(1)
Affected: 10.6(1)SU1
Affected: 10.6(1)SU3
Affected: 11.6(2)
Affected: 12.0(1)
Affected: 11.0(1)SU1
Affected: 11.5(1)SU1
Affected: 10.5(1)
Affected: 12.5(1)
Affected: 12.5(1)SU1
Affected: 12.5(1)SU2
Affected: 12.5(1)SU3
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES01
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES03
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES04
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES03
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU02_ES01
Affected: 11.6(2)ES07
Affected: 11.6(2)ES08
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU01_ES01
Affected: 12.0(1)ES04
Affected: 12.5(1)ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)ES03
Affected: 11.6(2)ES06
Affected: 12.5(1)ES01
Affected: 12.0(1)ES03
Affected: 12.0(1)ES01
Affected: 11.6(2)ES05
Affected: 12.0(1)ES02
Affected: 11.6(2)ES04
Affected: 11.6(2)ES03
Affected: 11.6(2)ES02
Affected: 11.6(2)ES01
Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES03
Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES03
Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES01
Affected: 10.5(1)SU1ES10
Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES03
Affected: 11.6(1)ES02
Affected: 11.5(1)ES01
Affected: 10.6(1)SU2
Affected: 10.6(1)SU2ES04
Affected: 11.6(1)ES01
Affected: 10.6(1)SU3ES02
Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES02
Affected: 11.5(1)SU1ES01
Affected: 11.0(1)SU1ES02
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES03
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES04
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES05
Affected: UCCX 15.0.1
Affected: 12.5(1)_SU03_ES06
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-21095 (GCVE-0-2025-21095)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-05 15:19 – Updated: 2025-03-06 21:57
VLAI
Title
Keysight Ixia Vision Product Family Path Traversal
Summary
Path traversal may lead to arbitrary file download. The score without least privilege principle violation is as calculated below. In combination with other issues it may facilitate further compromise of the device. Remediation in Version 6.8.0, release date: 01-Mar-25.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
Impacted products
Credits
NATO Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) reported these vulnerabilities to Keysight.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-2158 (GCVE-0-2025-2158)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-10 09:23 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:12
VLAI
Title
WordPress Review Plugin: The Ultimate Solution for Building a Review Website <= 5.3.5 - Authenticated (Contributor+) Local File Inclusion via Post Custom Fields
Summary
The WordPress Review Plugin: The Ultimate Solution for Building a Review Website plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 5.3.5 via the Post custom fields. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to include and execute arbitrary files on the server, allowing the execution of any PHP code in those files. This can be used to bypass access controls, obtain sensitive data, or achieve code execution in cases where PHP file types can be uploaded and included, or pearcmd is enabled on a server with register_argc_argv also enabled.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
Impacted products
Credits
Hiroho Shimada
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-21622 (GCVE-0-2025-21622)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-07 15:33 – Updated: 2025-01-07 17:10
VLAI
Title
ClipBucket V5 Avatar URL Path Traversal to Arbitrary File Delete
Summary
ClipBucket V5 provides open source video hosting with PHP. During the user avatar upload workflow, a user can choose to upload and change their avatar at any time. During deletion, ClipBucket checks for the avatar_url as a filepath within the avatars subdirectory. If the URL path exists within the avatars directory, ClipBucket will delete it. There is no check for path traversal sequences in the provided user input (stored in the DB as avatar_url) therefore the final $file variable could be tainted with path traversal sequences. This leads to file deletion outside of the intended scope of the avatars folder. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.5.1 - 237.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MacWarrior clipbucket-v5 Affected: < 5.5.1 - 237
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-21623 (GCVE-0-2025-21623)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-07 15:43 – Updated: 2025-01-07 17:04
VLAI
Title
ClipBucket V5 Unauthenticated Template Directory Update to Denial-of-Service
Summary
ClipBucket V5 provides open source video hosting with PHP. Prior to 5.5.1 - 238, ClipBucket V5 allows unauthenticated attackers to change the template directory via a directory traversal, which results in a denial of service.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  • CWE-306 - Missing Authentication for Critical Function
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MacWarrior clipbucket-v5 Affected: < 5.5.1 - 238
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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Mitigation ID: MIT-5.1

Phase: Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Description:

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
  • Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15

Phase: Architecture and Design

Description:

  • For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-20.1

Phase: Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Description:

  • Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
  • Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
  • realpath() in C
  • getCanonicalPath() in Java
  • GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
  • realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
  • realpath() in PHP
Mitigation ID: MIT-4

Phase: Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Description:

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation ID: MIT-29

Phase: Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Description:

  • Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation ID: MIT-17

Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Description:

  • Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation ID: MIT-21.1

Phase: Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

Description:

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-22

Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

Description:

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation ID: MIT-34

Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Description:

  • Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
  • This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation ID: MIT-39

Phase: Implementation

Description:

  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
  • In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation ID: MIT-16

Phases: Operation, Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Description:

  • When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal

An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.

CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.

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