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CWE-22
Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
CVE-2024-5147 (GCVE-0-2024-5147)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-22 07:37 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:32
VLAI
Title
WPZOOM Addons for Elementor (Templates, Widgets) <= 1.1.37 - Unauthenticated Local File Inclusion
Summary
The WPZOOM Addons for Elementor (Templates, Widgets) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.37 via the 'grid_style' parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to include and execute arbitrary files on the server, allowing the execution of any PHP code in those files. This can be used to bypass access controls, obtain sensitive data, or achieve code execution in cases where images and other “safe” file types can be uploaded and included.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| wpzoom | WPZOOM Addons for Elementor – Starter Templates & Widgets |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.1.37
(semver)
|
|
| wpzoom | wpzoom_addons_for_elementor |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.1.37
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:wpzoom:wpzoom_addons_for_elementor:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2024-51483 (GCVE-0-2024-51483)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-01 16:19 – Updated: 2024-11-01 17:30
VLAI
Title
changedetection.io Path Traversal vulnerability
Summary
changedetection.io is free, open source web page change detection software. Prior to version 0.47.5, when a WebDriver is used to fetch files, `source:file:///etc/passwd` can be used to retrieve local system files, where the more traditional `file:///etc/passwd` gets blocked. Version 0.47.5 fixes the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io/se… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io/bl… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io/bl… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/user-attachments/files/1759163… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| dgtlmoon | changedetection.io |
Affected:
< 0.47.5
|
|
| changedetection | changedetection |
Affected:
0 , < 0.47.5
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:changedetection:changedetection:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-5153 (GCVE-0-2024-5153)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-06 03:53 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:18
VLAI
Title
Startklar Elementor Addons <= 1.7.15 - Unauthenticated Path Traversal to Arbitrary Directory Deletion
Summary
The Startklar Elementor Addons plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.15 via the 'dropzone_hash' parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to copy the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information, and to delete arbitrary directories, including the root WordPress directory.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| wshberlin | Startklar Elementor Addons |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.7.15
(semver)
|
|
| wshberlin | startklar_elementor_addons |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.7.15
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:wshberlin:startklar_elementor_addons:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2024-5154 (GCVE-0-2024-5154)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-12 08:51 – Updated: 2026-02-25 22:23
VLAI
Title
Cri-o: malicious container can create symlink on host
Summary
A flaw was found in cri-o. A malicious container can create a symbolic link to arbitrary files on the host via directory traversal (“../“). This flaw allows the container to read and write to arbitrary files on the host system.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
9 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:10818 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:3676 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:3700 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:4008 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:4159 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:4486 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-5154 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2280190 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o/security/advisorie… |
Impacted products
13 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Affected:
1.30.0 , < 1.30.1
(semver)
Affected: 1.29.4 , < 1.29.5 (semver) Affected: 1.28.6 , < 1.28.7 (semver) |
|||
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.12 |
Unaffected:
0:1.25.5-21.2.rhaos4.12.gita3eb75f.el8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.12::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.13 |
Unaffected:
0:1.26.5-18.2.rhaos4.13.git2e90133.el8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.13::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.13::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.14 |
Unaffected:
0:1.27.7-3.rhaos4.14.git674563e.el8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.14::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.14::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.15 |
Unaffected:
0:1.28.7-2.rhaos4.15.git111aec5.el9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.15::el9 cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.15::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.16 |
Unaffected:
0:1.29.5-7.rhaos4.16.git7db4ada.el8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.16::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.16 |
Unaffected:
0:5.14.0-427.24.1.el9_4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.16::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.16 |
Unaffected:
0:4.16.0-202406191607.p0.g58452d8.assembly.stream.el8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.16::el8 cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.17 |
Unaffected:
417.94.202412040832-0 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.17::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 3.11 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:3.11 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4 |
Date Public
2024-05-27 18:00
Credits
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CVE-2024-51747 (GCVE-0-2024-51747)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-11 19:22 – Updated: 2024-11-12 01:45
VLAI
Title
Arbitrary File Read and Delete in kanboard
Summary
Kanboard is project management software that focuses on the Kanban methodology. An authenticated Kanboard admin can read and delete arbitrary files from the server. File attachments, that are viewable or downloadable in Kanboard are resolved through its `path` entry in the `project_has_files` SQLite db. Thus, an attacker who can upload a modified sqlite.db through the dedicated feature, can set arbitrary file links, by abusing path traversals. Once the modified db is uploaded and the project page is accessed, a file download can be triggered and all files, readable in the context of the Kanboard application permissions, can be downloaded. This issue has been addressed in version 1.2.42 and all users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/kanboard/kanboard/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2024-51748 (GCVE-0-2024-51748)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-11 19:20 – Updated: 2024-11-12 14:44
VLAI
Title
Remote code execution through language setting in kanboard
Summary
Kanboard is project management software that focuses on the Kanban methodology. An authenticated Kanboard admin can run arbitrary php code on the server in combination with a file write possibility. The user interface language is determined and loaded by the setting `application_language` in the `settings` table. Thus, an attacker who can upload a modified sqlite.db through the dedicated feature, has control over the filepath, which is loaded. Exploiting this vulnerability has one constraint: the attacker must be able to place a file (called translations.php) on the system. However, this is not impossible, think of anonymous FTP server or another application that allows uploading files. Once the attacker has placed its file with the actual php code as the payload, the attacker can craft a sqlite db settings, which uses path traversal to point to the directory, where the `translations.php` file is stored. Then gaining code execution after importing the crafted sqlite.db. This issue has been addressed in version 1.2.42 and all users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/kanboard/kanboard/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-51751 (GCVE-0-2024-51751)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-06 19:11 – Updated: 2024-11-06 19:58
VLAI
Title
Arbitrary file read with File and UploadButton components in Gradio
Summary
Gradio is an open-source Python package designed to enable quick builds of a demo or web application. If File or UploadButton components are used as a part of Gradio application to preview file content, an attacker with access to the application might abuse these components to read arbitrary files from the application server. This issue has been addressed in release version 5.5.0 and all users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| gradio-app | gradio |
Affected:
>= 5.0.0, < 5.5.0
|
|
| gradio_project | gradio |
Affected:
5.0.0 , < 5.5.0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:gradio_project:gradio:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-51756 (GCVE-0-2024-51756)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-05 22:06 – Updated: 2024-11-06 14:39
VLAI
Title
cap-std doesn't fully sandbox all the Windows device filenames
Summary
The cap-std project is organized around the eponymous `cap-std` crate, and develops libraries to make it easy to write capability-based code. cap-std's filesystem sandbox implementation on Windows blocks access to special device filenames such as "COM1", "COM2", "LPT0", "LPT1", and so on, however it did not block access to the special device filenames which use superscript digits, such as "COM¹", "COM²", "LPT⁰", "LPT¹", and so on. Untrusted filesystem paths could bypass the sandbox and access devices through those special device filenames with superscript digits, and through them provide access peripheral devices connected to the computer, or network resources mapped to those devices. This can include modems, printers, network printers, and any other device connected to a serial or parallel port, including emulated USB serial ports. The bug is fixed in #371, which is published in cap-primitives 3.4.1, cap-std 3.4.1, and cap-async-std 3.4.1. There are no known workarounds for this issue. Affected Windows users are recommended to upgrade.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/bytecodealliance/cap-std/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/bytecodealliance/cap-std/pull/371 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/bytecodealliance/cap-std/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/f… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| bytecodealliance | cap-std |
Affected:
< 3.4.1
|
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CVE-2024-5179 (GCVE-0-2024-5179)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-06 02:03 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:31
VLAI
Title
Cowidgets – Elementor Addons <= 1.1.2 - Authenticated (Contributor+) Local File Inclusion
Summary
The Cowidgets – Elementor Addons plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.2 via the 'item_style' and 'style' parameters. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to include and execute arbitrary files on the server, allowing the execution of any PHP code in those files. This can be used to bypass access controls, obtain sensitive data, or achieve code execution in cases where images and other “safe” file types can be uploaded and included. CVE-2024-37419 is likely a duplicate of this issue.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabil… | |
| https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_… | |
| https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/cowidg… | x_transferred |
| https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/cowidg… | x_transferred |
| https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/cowidg… | x_transferred |
| https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/cowidg… | x_transferred |
| https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/cowidg… | x_transferred |
| https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/cowidg… | x_transferred |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| codelessthemes | Cowidgets – Elementor Addons |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.1.2
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2024-5182 (GCVE-0-2024-5182)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-19 23:30 – Updated: 2024-08-01 21:03
VLAI
Title
Path Traversal in mudler/localai
Summary
A path traversal vulnerability exists in mudler/localai version 2.14.0, where an attacker can exploit the `model` parameter during the model deletion process to delete arbitrary files. Specifically, by crafting a request with a manipulated `model` parameter, an attacker can traverse the directory structure and target files outside of the intended directory, leading to the deletion of sensitive data. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation and sanitization of the `model` parameter.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mudler | mudler/localai |
Affected:
unspecified , < 2.16.0
(custom)
|
|
| mudler | localai |
Affected:
0 , < 2.16.0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:mudler:localai:0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"content": {
"id": "CVE-2024-5182",
"options": [
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"Exploitation": "poc"
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{
"Automatable": "yes"
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{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
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"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2024-06-20T16:14:16.413630Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
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"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
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"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
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{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-01T21:03:10.990Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
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"references": [
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"tags": [
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"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/f7a87f29-c22a-48e8-9fce-b6d5a273e545"
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"url": "https://github.com/mudler/localai/commit/1a3dedece06cab1acc3332055d285ac540a47f0e"
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"title": "CVE Program Container"
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"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "mudler/localai",
"vendor": "mudler",
"versions": [
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"lessThan": "2.16.0",
"status": "affected",
"version": "unspecified",
"versionType": "custom"
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A path traversal vulnerability exists in mudler/localai version 2.14.0, where an attacker can exploit the `model` parameter during the model deletion process to delete arbitrary files. Specifically, by crafting a request with a manipulated `model` parameter, an attacker can traverse the directory structure and target files outside of the intended directory, leading to the deletion of sensitive data. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation and sanitization of the `model` parameter."
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],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.5,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
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"cweId": "CWE-22",
"description": "CWE-22 Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027)",
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"type": "CWE"
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"url": "https://github.com/mudler/localai/commit/1a3dedece06cab1acc3332055d285ac540a47f0e"
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"source": {
"advisory": "f7a87f29-c22a-48e8-9fce-b6d5a273e545",
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
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"title": "Path Traversal in mudler/localai"
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"datePublished": "2024-06-19T23:30:38.219Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-05-21T18:08:53.150Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-01T21:03:10.990Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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Mitigation ID: MIT-5.1
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-20.1
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation ID: MIT-4
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation ID: MIT-29
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Description:
- Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation ID: MIT-17
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation ID: MIT-21.1
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
Description:
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-22
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Description:
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation ID: MIT-34
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Description:
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation ID: MIT-39
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation ID: MIT-16
Phases: Operation, Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.