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CWE-22
Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
CVE-2024-25620 (GCVE-0-2024-25620)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-14 23:24 – Updated: 2024-08-26 14:49
VLAI
Title
Dependency management path traversal in helm
Summary
Helm is a tool for managing Charts. Charts are packages of pre-configured Kubernetes resources. When either the Helm client or SDK is used to save a chart whose name within the `Chart.yaml` file includes a relative path change, the chart would be saved outside its expected directory based on the changes in the relative path. The validation and linting did not detect the path changes in the name. This issue has been resolved in Helm v3.14.1. Users unable to upgrade should check all charts used by Helm for path changes in their name as found in the `Chart.yaml` file. This includes dependencies.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/helm/helm/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/helm/helm/commit/0d0f91d1ce277… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-25693 (GCVE-0-2024-25693)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-04-04 17:54 – Updated: 2024-08-01 23:52
VLAI
Title
Portal for ArcGIS has a directory traversal vulnerability.
Summary
There is a path traversal in Esri Portal for ArcGIS versions <= 11.2. Successful exploitation may allow a remote, authenticated attacker to traverse the file system to access files or execute code outside of the intended directory.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Esri | Portal for ArcGIS |
Affected:
all , ≤ <=11.2
(all)
|
|
| esri | portal_for_arcgis |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 11.2
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:esri:portal_for_arcgis:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2024-04-04 18:05
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CVE-2024-2602 (GCVE-0-2024-2602)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-11 08:46 – Updated: 2024-08-01 19:18
VLAI
Summary
CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path
Traversal') vulnerability exists that could result in remote code execution when an authenticated
user executes a saved project file that has been tampered by a malicious actor.
Severity
7.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schneider Electric | FoxRTU Station |
Affected:
All versions prior to v9.3.0
|
|
| schneider-electric | foxrtu_station |
Affected:
0 , < 9.3.0
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:schneider-electric:foxrtu_station:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-26129 (GCVE-0-2024-26129)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-19 21:59 – Updated: 2024-08-01 23:59
VLAI
Title
Prestashop vulnerable to path disclosure in JavaScript variable
Summary
PrestaShop is an open-source e-commerce platform. Starting in version 8.1.0 and prior to version 8.1.4, PrestaShop is vulnerable to path disclosure in a JavaScript variable. A patch is available in version 8.1.4.
Severity
5.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/PrestaShop/PrestaShop/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/PrestaShop/PrestaShop/commit/4… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Full_Path… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PrestaShop | PrestaShop |
Affected:
>= 8.1.0, < 8.1.4
|
|
| prestashop | prestashop |
Affected:
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CVE-2024-26150 (GCVE-0-2024-26150)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-23 15:46 – Updated: 2024-08-01 23:59
VLAI
Title
`@backstage/backend-common` vulnerable to path traversal through symlinks
Summary
`@backstage/backend-common` is a common functionality library for backends for Backstage, an open platform for building developer portals. In `@backstage/backend-common` prior to versions 0.21.1, 0.20.2, and 0.19.10, paths checks with the `resolveSafeChildPath` utility were not exhaustive enough, leading to risk of path traversal vulnerabilities if symlinks can be injected by attackers. This issue is patched in `@backstage/backend-common` versions 0.21.1, 0.20.2, and 0.19.10.
Severity
8.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/1ad… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/78f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/edf… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-26261 (GCVE-0-2024-26261)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-15 02:29 – Updated: 2024-08-02 00:07
VLAI
Title
Hgiga OAKlouds - Arbitrary File Read And Delete
Summary
The functionality for file download in HGiga OAKlouds' certain modules contains an Arbitrary File Read and Delete vulnerability. Attackers can put file path in specific request parameters, allowing them to download the file without login. Furthermore, the file will be deleted after being downloaded.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-7674-bdb40-1.html | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.chtsecurity.com/news/e456f679-9091-4d… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hgiga | OAKlouds |
Affected:
earlier , < 188
(custom)
|
|
| Hgiga | OAKlouds |
Affected:
earlier , < 1051
(custom)
|
|
| hgiga | oaklouds-organization |
Affected:
0 , < 188
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:hgiga:oaklouds-organization:2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| hgiga | oaklouds-organization |
Affected:
0 , < 188
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:hgiga:oaklouds-organization:3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| hgiga | oaklouds-webbase |
Affected:
0 , < 1051
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:hgiga:oaklouds-webbase:2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| hgiga | oaklouds-webbase |
Affected:
0 , < 1051
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:hgiga:oaklouds-webbase:3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2024-02-15 02:29
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CVE-2024-26292 (GCVE-0-2024-26292)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-14 08:19 – Updated: 2025-07-14 15:07
VLAI
Title
Authenticated Arbitrary File Deletion affecting Avid NEXIS
Summary
An authenticated Arbitrary File Deletion vulnerability enables an attacker to delete critical files.
This issue affects Avid NEXIS E-series: before 2025.5.1; Avid NEXIS F-series: before 2025.5.1; Avid NEXIS PRO+: before 2025.5.1; System Director Appliance (SDA+): before 2025.5.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://resources.avid.com/SupportFiles/attach/Av… | vendor-advisory |
| https://raeph123.github.io/BlogPosts/Avid_Nexis/A… | third-party-advisorytechnical-description |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Avid | Avid NEXIS E-series |
Affected:
0 , < 2025.5.1
(custom)
|
|
| Avid | Avid NEXIS F-series |
Affected:
0 , < 2025.5.1
(custom)
|
|
| Avid | Avid NEXIS PRO+ |
Affected:
0 , < 2025.5.1
(custom)
|
|
| Avid | System Director Appliance (SDA+) |
Affected:
0 , < 2025.5.1
(custom)
|
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CVE-2024-27081 (GCVE-0-2024-27081)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-26 16:29 – Updated: 2024-08-27 20:29
VLAI
Title
ESPHome remote code execution via arbitrary file write
Summary
ESPHome is a system to control your ESP8266/ESP32. A security misconfiguration in the edit configuration file API in the dashboard component of ESPHome version 2023.12.9 (command line installation) allows authenticated remote attackers to read and write arbitrary files under the configuration directory rendering remote code execution possible. This vulnerability is patched in 2024.2.1.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/esphome/esphome/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/esphome/esphome/commit/d814ed1… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-27102 (GCVE-0-2024-27102)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-03-13 20:28 – Updated: 2025-04-15 15:18
VLAI
Title
Improper isolation of server file access in github.com/pterodactyl/wings
Summary
Wings is the server control plane for Pterodactyl Panel. This vulnerability impacts anyone running the affected versions of Wings. The vulnerability can potentially be used to access files and directories on the host system. The full scope of impact is exactly unknown, but reading files outside of a server's base directory (sandbox root) is possible. In order to use this exploit, an attacker must have an existing "server" allocated and controlled by Wings. Details on the exploitation of this vulnerability are embargoed until March 27th, 2024 at 18:00 UTC. In order to mitigate this vulnerability, a full rewrite of the entire server filesystem was necessary. Because of this, the size of the patch is massive, however effort was made to reduce the amount of breaking changes. Users are advised to update to version 1.11.9. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/commit/d1c0c… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pterodactyl | wings |
Affected:
< 1.11.9
|
|
| pterodactyl | wings |
Affected:
0 , < 1.11.9
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cpe:2.3:a:pterodactyl:wings:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-27144 (GCVE-0-2024-27144)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-14 02:31 – Updated: 2025-02-13 17:41
VLAI
Title
Pre-authenticated Remote Code Execution
Summary
The Toshiba printers provide several ways to upload files using the web interface without authentication. An attacker can overwrite any insecure files. And the Toshiba printers are vulnerable to a Local Privilege Escalation vulnerability. An attacker can remotely compromise any Toshiba printer. The programs can be replaced by malicious programs by any local or remote attacker. This vulnerability can be executed in combination with other vulnerabilities and difficult to execute alone. So, the CVSS score for this vulnerability alone is lower than the score listed in the "Base Score" of this vulnerability. For detail on related other vulnerabilities, please ask to the below contact point.
https://www.toshibatec.com/contacts/products/
As for the affected products/models/versions, see the reference URL.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
51 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toshiba Tec Corporation | Toshiba Tec e-Studio multi-function peripheral (MFP) |
Affected:
see the reference URL
|
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2521_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2521_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2020_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2020_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2520_nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2520_nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2021_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2021_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3025_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3025_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3525_acg |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3525_acg:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-5525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-5525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-5525_acg |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-5525_acg:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6525_acg |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6525_acg:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3028-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3028-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3528-ag |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3528-ag:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4528-ag |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4528-ag:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-5528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-5528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6526-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6526-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6527-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6527-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-7527-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-7527-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6529-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6529-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-7529-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-7529-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-9029-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-9029-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-330-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-330-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-400-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-400-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2010-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2010-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2110-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2110-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2510-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2510-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2610-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2610-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2015-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2015-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2515-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2515-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2615-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2615-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3015-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3015-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3115-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3115-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3515-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3515-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3615-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3615-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4515_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4515_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4615_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4615_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-5015_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-5015_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-5115_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-5115_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2018_a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2018_a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2518_a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2518_a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2618_a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2618_a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3018_a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3018_a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3118_a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3118_a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3118_ag |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3118_ag:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2024-06-14 02:00
Credits
{
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{
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},
{
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],
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{
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{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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],
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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Mitigation ID: MIT-5.1
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-20.1
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation ID: MIT-4
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation ID: MIT-29
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Description:
- Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation ID: MIT-17
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation ID: MIT-21.1
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
Description:
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-22
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Description:
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation ID: MIT-34
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Description:
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation ID: MIT-39
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation ID: MIT-16
Phases: Operation, Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.