CWE-80
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS)
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete
The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special characters such as "<", ">", and "&" that could be interpreted as web-scripting elements when they are sent to a downstream component that processes web pages.
975 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-JV86-V5FR-XVG6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-20 18:31 – Updated: 2026-06-20 18:31Flowise before 3.0.8 contains a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability caused by insufficient input filtering in chat messages and custom agent functions. An attacker can inject malicious JavaScript by sending an iframe payload (e.g., ) in a chat box, or by having a custom agent function return an XSS payload from an external website. The injected script executes in the victim's browser, enabling theft of cookies and session data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-71331"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-20T16:17:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Flowise before 3.0.8 contains a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability caused by insufficient input filtering in chat messages and custom agent functions. An attacker can inject malicious JavaScript by sending an iframe payload (e.g., \u003ciframe src=\"javascript:alert(document.cookie)\"\u003e) in a chat box, or by having a custom agent function return an XSS payload from an external website. The injected script executes in the victim\u0027s browser, enabling theft of cookies and session data.",
"id": "GHSA-jv86-v5fr-xvg6",
"modified": "2026-06-20T18:31:28Z",
"published": "2026-06-20T18:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/security/advisories/GHSA-4fr9-3x69-36wv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-71331"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/flowise-cross-site-scripting-in-chat-messages-and-agent-workflows"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-JXG7-PW76-5MPH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-01 03:30 – Updated: 2024-10-01 03:30The Broken Link Checker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting due to the use of add_query_arg in /app/admin-notices/features/class-view.php without appropriate escaping on the URL in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.0. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8981"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-01T03:15:02Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Broken Link Checker plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting due to the use of add_query_arg in /app/admin-notices/features/class-view.php without appropriate escaping on the URL in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.0. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link.",
"id": "GHSA-jxg7-pw76-5mph",
"modified": "2024-10-01T03:30:34Z",
"published": "2024-10-01T03:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8981"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/broken-link-checker/tags/2.4.0/app/admin-notices/features/class-view.php#L43"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3159860/broken-link-checker/trunk/app/admin-notices/features/class-view.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/429fe34a-5fa9-4032-9b21-4de114dbc9d1?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JXRX-5CG2-PJ56
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-02 03:30 – Updated: 2025-06-03 21:30IBM PowerSC 1.3, 2.0, and 2.1 is vulnerable to HTML injection. A remote attacker could inject malicious HTML code, which when viewed, would be executed in the victim's Web browser within the security context of the hosting site. IBM X-Force ID: 275113.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-50933"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-02T01:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM PowerSC 1.3, 2.0, and 2.1 is vulnerable to HTML injection. A remote attacker could inject malicious HTML code, which when viewed, would be executed in the victim\u0027s Web browser within the security context of the hosting site. IBM X-Force ID: 275113.",
"id": "GHSA-jxrx-5cg2-pj56",
"modified": "2025-06-03T21:30:33Z",
"published": "2024-02-02T03:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50933"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/275113"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7113759"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M24F-6C22-RR63
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-27 03:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS) vulnerability in Jthemes xSmart xsmart allows Code Injection.This issue affects xSmart: from n/a through <= 1.2.9.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-62936"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-27T02:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS) vulnerability in Jthemes xSmart xsmart allows Code Injection.This issue affects xSmart: from n/a through \u003c= 1.2.9.4.",
"id": "GHSA-m24f-6c22-rr63",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:36Z",
"published": "2025-10-27T03:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62936"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/xsmart/vulnerability/wordpress-xsmart-theme-1-2-9-4-content-injection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/xsmart/vulnerability/wordpress-xsmart-theme-1-2-9-4-content-injection-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/xsmart/vulnerability/wordpress-xsmart-theme-1-2-9-4-content-injection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4FV-GM5M-4725
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-01 17:58 – Updated: 2023-04-10 16:25The execute-actions-email endpoint of the Keycloak Admin REST API allows a malicious actor to send emails containing phishing links to Keycloak users.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.keycloak:keycloak-services"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "20.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-1274"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-03-01T17:58:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-29T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The `execute-actions-email` endpoint of the Keycloak Admin REST API allows a malicious actor to send emails containing phishing links to Keycloak users.\n",
"id": "GHSA-m4fv-gm5m-4725",
"modified": "2023-04-10T16:25:41Z",
"published": "2023-03-01T17:58:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/security/advisories/GHSA-m4fv-gm5m-4725"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1274"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/pull/16764"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/commit/fc3c61235fa30132123c17ed8702ff7b3a672fe9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2073157"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://herolab.usd.de/security-advisories/usd-2021-0033"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "HTML Injection in Keycloak Admin REST API"
}
GHSA-M4G2-2Q66-VC9V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-11 18:39 – Updated: 2026-02-11 23:14Summary
The task preview component creates a unparented div. The div's innerHtml is set to the unescaped description of the task
Details
In the TaskGlanceTooltip.vue it temporarily creates a div and sets the innerHtml to the description here. Since there is no escaping on either the server or client side, a malicious user can share a project, create a malicious task, and cause an XSS on hover.
PoC
- Create a project
- Create a task with any description
- Use the api to update the task with a description containing unescaped HTML (ex:
<img src=x onerror="alert(localStorage.getItem('token'))"> - Share the project with any permission level
- Send malicious project to user and ask them to view task
Impact
Any user on an instance can cause an XSS on another
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "code.vikunja.io/api"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.24.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25935"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-11T18:39:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-11T21:16:20Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe task preview component creates a unparented div. The div\u0027s `innerHtml` is set to the unescaped description of the task\n\n### Details\nIn the `TaskGlanceTooltip.vue` it temporarily creates a div and sets the `innerHtml` to the description [here](https://github.com/go-vikunja/vikunja/blob/cdca79032526966cb248b72bddcf2a0f888c8a8f/frontend/src/components/tasks/partials/TaskGlanceTooltip.vue#L118). Since there is no escaping on either the server or client side, a malicious user can share a project, create a malicious task, and cause an XSS on hover.\n\n### PoC\n1. Create a project\n2. Create a task with any description\n3. Use the api to update the task with a description containing unescaped HTML (ex: `\u003cimg src=x onerror=\"alert(localStorage.getItem(\u0027token\u0027))\"\u003e`\n4. Share the project with any permission level\n5. Send malicious project to user and ask them to view task\n\n### Impact\nAny user on an instance can cause an XSS on another",
"id": "GHSA-m4g2-2q66-vc9v",
"modified": "2026-02-11T23:14:19Z",
"published": "2026-02-11T18:39:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-vikunja/vikunja/security/advisories/GHSA-m4g2-2q66-vc9v"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25935"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-vikunja/vikunja/commit/dd0b82f00a8c9ded1c19a1e643a197c514be6d37"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-vikunja/vikunja"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-vikunja/vikunja/releases/tag/v1.1.0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vikunja.io/changelog/vikunja-v1.1.0-was-released"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Vikunja Vulnerable to XSS Via Task Preview"
}
GHSA-M4XP-3X5F-VCRX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-17 18:31 – Updated: 2025-03-19 21:30Code-projects Online Class and Exam Scheduling System V1.0 is vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS) in /pages/department.php via the id, code, and name parameters.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-29431"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-17T17:15:40Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Code-projects Online Class and Exam Scheduling System V1.0 is vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS) in /pages/department.php via the id, code, and name parameters.",
"id": "GHSA-m4xp-3x5f-vcrx",
"modified": "2025-03-19T21:30:49Z",
"published": "2025-03-17T18:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-29431"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/872323857/CVE/blob/main/Online%20Class%20and%20Exam%20Scheduling%20System-department.php.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M75X-8GPR-MJ3J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-30 09:32 – Updated: 2024-07-30 09:32Mashov - CWE-80: Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-41693"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-30T09:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Mashov - CWE-80: Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS)",
"id": "GHSA-m75x-8gpr-mj3j",
"modified": "2024-07-30T09:32:12Z",
"published": "2024-07-30T09:32:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41693"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/faq/cve_advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M782-VF42-H3FP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:42 – Updated: 2025-10-03 18:31Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Cogent DataHub before 7.3.5 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-2353"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-05-30T23:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Cogent DataHub before 7.3.5 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-m782-vf42-h3fp",
"modified": "2025-10-03T18:31:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:42:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-2353"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-14-149-02"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://cogentdatahub.com/Download_Software.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-14-149-02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-M8FQ-FXF8-WXX3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-30 12:31 – Updated: 2025-12-03 21:31Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Checkmk's distributed monitoring allows a compromised remote site to inject malicious HTML code into service outputs in the central site. Affecting Checkmk before 2.4.0p14, 2.3.0p39, 2.2.0 and 2.1.0 (eol).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-39663"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-30T11:15:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Checkmk\u0027s distributed monitoring allows a compromised remote site to inject malicious HTML code into service outputs in the central site. Affecting Checkmk before 2.4.0p14, 2.3.0p39, 2.2.0 and 2.1.0 (eol).",
"id": "GHSA-m8fq-fxf8-wxx3",
"modified": "2025-12-03T21:31:01Z",
"published": "2025-10-30T12:31:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-39663"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://checkmk.com/werk/17998"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sbaresearch/advisories/tree/82fd27e4570433464c30b35150b197db9a850f4e/2025/SBA-ADV-20250729-01_Checkmk_Cross_Site_Scripting"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Nov/0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Carefully check each input parameter against a rigorous positive specification (allowlist) defining the specific characters and format allowed. All input should be neutralized, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. We often encounter data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
Mitigation MIT-30.1
Strategy: Output Encoding
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation MIT-31
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
CAPEC-18: XSS Targeting Non-Script Elements
This attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where malicious scripts are embedded in elements that are not expected to host scripts such as image tags (<img>), comments in XML documents (< !-CDATA->), etc. These tags may not be subject to the same input validation, output validation, and other content filtering and checking routines, so this can create an opportunity for an adversary to tunnel through the application's elements and launch a XSS attack through other elements. As with all remote attacks, it is important to differentiate the ability to launch an attack (such as probing an internal network for unpatched servers) and the ability of the remote adversary to collect and interpret the output of said attack.
CAPEC-193: PHP Remote File Inclusion
In this pattern the adversary is able to load and execute arbitrary code remotely available from the application. This is usually accomplished through an insecurely configured PHP runtime environment and an improperly sanitized "include" or "require" call, which the user can then control to point to any web-accessible file. This allows adversaries to hijack the targeted application and force it to execute their own instructions.
CAPEC-32: XSS Through HTTP Query Strings
An adversary embeds malicious script code in the parameters of an HTTP query string and convinces a victim to submit the HTTP request that contains the query string to a vulnerable web application. The web application then procedes to use the values parameters without properly validation them first and generates the HTML code that will be executed by the victim's browser.
CAPEC-86: XSS Through HTTP Headers
An adversary exploits web applications that generate web content, such as links in a HTML page, based on unvalidated or improperly validated data submitted by other actors. XSS in HTTP Headers attacks target the HTTP headers which are hidden from most users and may not be validated by web applications.