CWE-78
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.
8341 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-M82G-G4WP-PM4M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-02 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-02 15:31Endian Firewall version 3.3.25 and prior allow authenticated users to execute arbitrary OS commands via the DATE parameter to /cgi-bin/logs_ids.cgi. The DATE parameter value is used to construct a file path that is passed to a Perl open() call, which allows command injection due to an incomplete regular expression validation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34794"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-02T15:16:44Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Endian Firewall version 3.3.25 and prior allow authenticated users to execute arbitrary OS commands via the DATE parameter to /cgi-bin/logs_ids.cgi. The DATE parameter value is used to construct a file path that is passed to a Perl open() call, which allows command injection due to an incomplete regular expression validation.",
"id": "GHSA-m82g-g4wp-pm4m",
"modified": "2026-04-02T15:31:41Z",
"published": "2026-04-02T15:31:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34794"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.endian.com/hc/en-us/sections/360004371358-Community"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/endian-firewall-cgi-bin-logs-ids-cgi-date-perl-command-injection"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M82R-G52H-XQ3G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 03:31 – Updated: 2024-05-03 03:31D-Link DIR-X3260 SetSysEmailSettings SMTPServerAddress Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows network-adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of D-Link DIR-X3260 routers. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.
The specific flaw exists within prog.cgi, which handles HNAP requests made to the lighttpd webserver listening on TCP ports 80 and 443. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a user-supplied string before using it to execute a system call. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of root. Was ZDI-CAN-21222.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-44427"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T03:15:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "D-Link DIR-X3260 SetSysEmailSettings SMTPServerAddress Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows network-adjacent attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of D-Link DIR-X3260 routers. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within prog.cgi, which handles HNAP requests made to the lighttpd webserver listening on TCP ports 80 and 443. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a user-supplied string before using it to execute a system call. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of root. Was ZDI-CAN-21222.",
"id": "GHSA-m82r-g52h-xq3g",
"modified": "2024-05-03T03:31:04Z",
"published": "2024-05-03T03:31:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-44427"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1525"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M85W-WHWH-QVFX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-11 18:31 – Updated: 2026-05-27 22:48GPT-Pilot thru commit 0819827ce20346ef5f25b3fe29293cb448840565 (2025-09-03) contains a command injection vulnerability (CWE-78) in the Executor.run() method. During project execution, when the system prompts the user to confirm or modify a command to be run, it accepts free-text input without proper validation. The user-supplied input is directly passed to asyncio.create_subprocess_shell() for execution. This allows an attacker to replace the intended command with arbitrary shell commands, leading to remote code execution with the privileges of the GPT-Pilot process.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "gpt-pilot"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.0.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-31246"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-27T22:48:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-11T16:17:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "GPT-Pilot thru commit 0819827ce20346ef5f25b3fe29293cb448840565 (2025-09-03) contains a command injection vulnerability (CWE-78) in the Executor.run() method. During project execution, when the system prompts the user to confirm or modify a command to be run, it accepts free-text input without proper validation. The user-supplied input is directly passed to asyncio.create_subprocess_shell() for execution. This allows an attacker to replace the intended command with arbitrary shell commands, leading to remote code execution with the privileges of the GPT-Pilot process.",
"id": "GHSA-m85w-whwh-qvfx",
"modified": "2026-05-27T22:48:48Z",
"published": "2026-05-11T18:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31246"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Pythagora-io/gpt-pilot"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.notion.so/CVE-2026-31246-35d1e1393188812ea3c6c88ad28d3d57"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "GPT-Pilot contains a command injection vulnerability in the Executor.run() method"
}
GHSA-M8HM-22WV-CF8J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-08 06:31 – Updated: 2024-01-08 06:31A vulnerability was found in Totolink N200RE 9.3.5u.6139_B20201216 and classified as critical. This issue affects the function UploadFirmwareFile of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument FileName leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-249863. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0297"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-08T05:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Totolink N200RE 9.3.5u.6139_B20201216 and classified as critical. This issue affects the function UploadFirmwareFile of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument FileName leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-249863. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-m8hm-22wv-cf8j",
"modified": "2024-01-08T06:31:33Z",
"published": "2024-01-08T06:31:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0297"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jylsec/vuldb/blob/main/TOTOLINK/N200RE/UploadFirmwareFile/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.249863"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.249863"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M8J3-CGRG-H7FM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-23 12:30 – Updated: 2026-03-23 12:30Due to the improper neutralisation of special elements used in an OS command, an unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit an RCE vulnerability in the com_mb24sysapi module, resulting in full system compromise. This vulnerability is a variant attack for CVE-2020-10383.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32968"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-23T12:16:08Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Due to the improper neutralisation of special elements used in an OS command, an unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit an RCE vulnerability in the com_mb24sysapi module, resulting in full system compromise. This vulnerability is a variant attack for CVE-2020-10383.",
"id": "GHSA-m8j3-cgrg-h7fm",
"modified": "2026-03-23T12:30:30Z",
"published": "2026-03-23T12:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32968"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://certvde.com/de/advisories/VDE-2026-024"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://certvde.com/de/advisories/VDE-2026-025"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M8MV-XFJJ-7M87
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-03 18:30 – Updated: 2025-03-18 18:30An issue was discovered on NRadio N8-180 NROS-1.9.2.n3.c5 devices. The /cgi-bin/luci/nradio/basic/radio endpoint is vulnerable to command injection via the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz name parameters, allowing a remote attacker to execute arbitrary OS commands on the device (with root-level permissions) via crafted input.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-53942"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-03T18:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered on NRadio N8-180 NROS-1.9.2.n3.c5 devices. The /cgi-bin/luci/nradio/basic/radio endpoint is vulnerable to command injection via the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz name parameters, allowing a remote attacker to execute arbitrary OS commands on the device (with root-level permissions) via crafted input.",
"id": "GHSA-m8mv-xfjj-7m87",
"modified": "2025-03-18T18:30:47Z",
"published": "2025-02-03T18:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-53942"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/actuator/cve/blob/main/NRADIO/CVE-2024-53942.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/actuator/cve/blob/main/NRADIO/N8-180Firmware-Version-NROS-1.9.2.n3.c5-blind-cmd-injection-outputRedirect.gif"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.nradiowifi.net/article/9.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M8P9-Q9XX-54J2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-26 21:31 – Updated: 2025-11-28 15:30TRENDnet TEW-657BRM 1.00.1 has an authenticated remote OS command injection vulnerability in the setup.cgi binary, exploitable via the HTTP parameters "command", "todo", and "next_file," which allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-65202"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-26T21:15:46Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "TRENDnet TEW-657BRM 1.00.1 has an authenticated remote OS command injection vulnerability in the setup.cgi binary, exploitable via the HTTP parameters \"command\", \"todo\", and \"next_file,\" which allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-m8p9-q9xx-54j2",
"modified": "2025-11-28T15:30:30Z",
"published": "2025-11-26T21:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65202"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WhereisRain/TEW-657BRM"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M8R5-7WF4-63MW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-05 06:30 – Updated: 2022-12-06 22:26OS command injection vulnerability in Nadesiko3 (PC Version) v3.3.68 and earlier allows a remote attacker to execute an arbitrary OS command when processing compression and decompression on the product.
Release notes for versions 3.3.62 and 3.3.69 both link to patches for this particular issue. The JPCERT/CC advisory lists versions 3.3.68 and prior as vulnerable, and the most recent patch for this issue is tagged with version 3.3.69.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.3.68"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "nadesiko3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.3.69"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41642"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-06T22:26:30Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-05T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "OS command injection vulnerability in Nadesiko3 (PC Version) v3.3.68 and earlier allows a remote attacker to execute an arbitrary OS command when processing compression and decompression on the product.\n\nRelease notes for versions 3.3.62 and 3.3.69 both link to patches for this particular issue. The [JPCERT/CC](https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN56968681/index.html) advisory lists versions 3.3.68 and prior as vulnerable, and the most recent patch for this issue is tagged with version 3.3.69.",
"id": "GHSA-m8r5-7wf4-63mw",
"modified": "2022-12-06T22:26:30Z",
"published": "2022-12-05T06:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41642"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/issues/1325"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/issues/1347"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/commit/124871c064cfc65cdcd83205637e84fc246c76df"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/commit/56ccfb2f9cceaec83e6a9d3024c3ba8c54ebe1a4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/commit/61a70792752a75b7f71df214e98a236721ea3fa6"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/releases/tag/3.3.62"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kujirahand/nadesiko3/releases/tag/3.3.69"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN56968681/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Nadesiko3 OS Command Injection vulnerability"
}
GHSA-M8X7-R2RG-VH5G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-31 22:24 – Updated: 2026-04-06 17:37Server names containing shell metacharacters (e.g., &) can cause command injection on Windows when passed to fastmcp install claude-code or fastmcp install gemini-cli. These install paths use subprocess.run() with a list argument, but on Windows the target CLIs often resolve to .cmd wrappers that are executed through cmd.exe, which interprets metacharacters in the flattened command string.
PoC:
from fastmcp import FastMCP
mcp = FastMCP(name="test&calc")
@mcp.tool
def roll_dice(n_dice: int) -> list[int]:
"""Roll `n_dice` 6-sided dice and return the results."""
return [random.randint(1, 6) for _ in range(n_dice)]
fastmcp install claude-code server.py # or: fastmcp install gemini-cli server.py
On Windows, this opens Calculator via the &calc in the server name.
Impact:
Arbitrary command execution with the privileges of the user running fastmcp install. Affects Windows hosts where the target CLI (one of claude, gemini) is installed as a .cmd wrapper. Does not affect macOS/Linux, and does not affect config-file-based install targets (cursor, goose, mcp-json).
Patched in #3522 by validating server names to reject shell metacharacters.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "fastmcp"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-64340"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-31T22:24:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-03T16:16:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Server names containing shell metacharacters (e.g., `\u0026`) can cause command injection on Windows when passed to `fastmcp install claude-code` or `fastmcp install gemini-cli`. These install paths use `subprocess.run()` with a list argument, but on Windows the target CLIs often resolve to `.cmd` wrappers that are executed through `cmd.exe`, which interprets metacharacters in the flattened command string.\n\nPoC:\n```python\nfrom fastmcp import FastMCP\n\nmcp = FastMCP(name=\"test\u0026calc\")\n\n@mcp.tool\ndef roll_dice(n_dice: int) -\u003e list[int]:\n \"\"\"Roll `n_dice` 6-sided dice and return the results.\"\"\"\n return [random.randint(1, 6) for _ in range(n_dice)]\n```\n\n```\nfastmcp install claude-code server.py # or: fastmcp install gemini-cli server.py\n```\n\nOn Windows, this opens Calculator via the `\u0026calc` in the server name.\n\nImpact:\nArbitrary command execution with the privileges of the user running `fastmcp install`. Affects Windows hosts where the target CLI (one of claude, gemini) is installed as a `.cmd` wrapper. Does not affect macOS/Linux, and does not affect config-file-based install targets (cursor, goose, mcp-json).\n\nPatched in #3522 by validating server names to reject shell metacharacters.",
"id": "GHSA-m8x7-r2rg-vh5g",
"modified": "2026-04-06T17:37:31Z",
"published": "2026-03-31T22:24:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/PrefectHQ/fastmcp/security/advisories/GHSA-m8x7-r2rg-vh5g"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jlowin/fastmcp/security/advisories/GHSA-m8x7-r2rg-vh5g"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/PrefectHQ/fastmcp/pull/3522"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/PrefectHQ/fastmcp"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "FastMCP has a Command Injection vulnerability - Gemini CLI"
}
GHSA-M8XJ-5V73-3HH8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-05-13 16:29 – Updated: 2026-07-06 15:49curlrequest through 1.0.1 allows execution of arbitrary commands. It is possible to inject arbitrary commands by using a semicolon char in any of the options values.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "curlrequest"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-7646"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-05-12T16:53:31Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "curlrequest through 1.0.1 allows execution of arbitrary commands. It is possible to inject arbitrary commands by using a semicolon char in any of the `options` values.",
"id": "GHSA-m8xj-5v73-3hh8",
"modified": "2026-07-06T15:49:11Z",
"published": "2020-05-13T16:29:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7646"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/node-js-libs/curlrequest"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/node-js-libs/curlrequest/blob/master/index.js#L239"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-CURLREQUEST-568274"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "curlrequest allows execution of arbitrary commands"
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Mitigation MIT-28
Strategy: Output Encoding
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
Mitigation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
Mitigation MIT-27
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When constructing OS command strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing OS command injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent OS command injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, when invoking a mail program, you might need to allow the subject field to contain otherwise-dangerous inputs like ";" and ">" characters, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the character might reduce the risk of OS command injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the subject field would not be recorded as the user intended. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it could be more important when the program relies on well-structured subject lines in order to pass messages to other components.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
Mitigation MIT-21
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-39
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of OS Command Injection, error information passed back to the user might reveal whether an OS command is being executed and possibly which command is being used.
Mitigation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Use runtime policy enforcement to create an allowlist of allowable commands, then prevent use of any command that does not appear in the allowlist. Technologies such as AppArmor are available to do this.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-16
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection
An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-6: Argument Injection
An attacker changes the behavior or state of a targeted application through injecting data or command syntax through the targets use of non-validated and non-filtered arguments of exposed services or methods.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.