CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5385 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-V93J-9RF6-JX2R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-16 09:31 – Updated: 2026-01-16 18:31Remote command injection vulnerability in heap profiler builtin service in Apache bRPC ((all versions < 1.15.0)) on all platforms allows attacker to inject remote command.
Root Cause: The bRPC heap profiler built-in service (/pprof/heap) does not validate the user-provided extra_options parameter and executes it as a command-line argument. Attackers can execute remote commands using the extra_options parameter..
Affected scenarios: Use the built-in bRPC heap profiler service to perform jemalloc memory profiling.
How to Fix: we provide two methods, you can choose one of them:
- Upgrade bRPC to version 1.15.0.
- Apply this patch ( https://github.com/apache/brpc/pull/3101 ) manually.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-60021"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-16T09:16:03Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Remote command injection vulnerability in heap profiler builtin service in Apache bRPC ((all versions \u003c 1.15.0)) on all platforms allows attacker to inject remote command.\n\n\n\nRoot Cause: The bRPC heap profiler built-in service (/pprof/heap) does not validate the user-provided extra_options parameter and executes it as a command-line argument. Attackers can execute remote commands using the extra_options parameter..\n\nAffected scenarios:\u00a0Use the built-in bRPC heap profiler service to perform jemalloc memory profiling.\n\nHow to Fix: we provide two methods, you can choose one of them:\n\n1. Upgrade bRPC to version 1.15.0.\n2. Apply this patch ( https://github.com/apache/brpc/pull/3101 ) manually.",
"id": "GHSA-v93j-9rf6-jx2r",
"modified": "2026-01-16T18:31:32Z",
"published": "2026-01-16T09:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60021"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/xy51d2fx6drzhfp92xptsx5845q7b37m"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/01/16/4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V94V-33C2-X5M5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-22 21:32 – Updated: 2024-11-22 21:32An OS command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect Notes Station 3. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow remote authenticated attackers to execute commands.
We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version: Notes Station 3 3.9.7 and later
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38644"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-22T16:15:25Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An OS command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect Notes Station 3. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow remote authenticated attackers to execute commands.\n\nWe have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version:\nNotes Station 3 3.9.7 and later",
"id": "GHSA-v94v-33c2-x5m5",
"modified": "2024-11-22T21:32:15Z",
"published": "2024-11-22T21:32:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38644"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qnap.com/en/security-advisory/qsa-24-36"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-V9F5-5RQ4-CWC6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-01 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-03 00:00In D-Link DIR-816 A2_v1.10CNB04.img a command injection vulnerability occurs in /goform/Diagnosis, after the condition is met, setnum will be spliced into v10 by snprintf, and the system will be executed, resulting in a command injection vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-37130"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-31T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In D-Link DIR-816 A2_v1.10CNB04.img a command injection vulnerability occurs in /goform/Diagnosis, after the condition is met, setnum will be spliced into v10 by snprintf, and the system will be executed, resulting in a command injection vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-v9f5-5rq4-cwc6",
"modified": "2022-09-03T00:00:16Z",
"published": "2022-09-01T00:00:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-37130"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/726232111/VulIoT/tree/main/D-Link/DIR-816%20A2_v1.10CNB05/Diagnosis"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/z1r00/IOT_Vul/blob/main/dlink/Dir816/Diagnosis/readme.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V9P4-62PM-466X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 21:30 – Updated: 2025-01-27 21:30Network access can be used to execute arbitrary code with elevated privileges.
This issue affects FLXEON 9.3.4 and older.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-48841"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-98"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T20:15:34Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Network access can be used to execute arbitrary code with elevated privileges. \n\n\n\n\n\nThis\nissue affects FLXEON 9.3.4 and older.",
"id": "GHSA-v9p4-62pm-466x",
"modified": "2025-01-27T21:30:54Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T21:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48841"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=9AKK108470A5684\u0026LanguageCode=en\u0026DocumentPartId=PDF\u0026Action=Launch"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-V9QV-C7WM-WGMF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-10 21:36 – Updated: 2025-02-13 18:50Impact
The composer install command running inside a git/hg repository which has specially crafted branch names can lead to command injection. So this requires cloning untrusted repositories.
Patches
2.2.24 for 2.2 LTS or 2.7.7 for mainline
Workarounds
Avoid cloning potentially compromised repositories.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "composer/composer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.24"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "composer/composer"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.3"
},
{
"fixed": "2.7.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-35242"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-06-10T21:36:25Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-10T22:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe `composer install` command running inside a git/hg repository which has specially crafted branch names can lead to command injection. So this requires cloning untrusted repositories.\n\n### Patches\n\n2.2.24 for 2.2 LTS or 2.7.7 for mainline\n\n### Workarounds\n\nAvoid cloning potentially compromised repositories.",
"id": "GHSA-v9qv-c7wm-wgmf",
"modified": "2025-02-13T18:50:48Z",
"published": "2024-06-10T21:36:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/composer/composer/security/advisories/GHSA-v9qv-c7wm-wgmf"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-35242"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/composer/composer/commit/6bd43dff859c597c09bd03a7e7d6443822d0a396"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/composer/composer/commit/fc57b93603d7d90b71ca8ec77b1c8a9171fdb467"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/composer/composer"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PO4MU2BC7VR6LMHEX4X7DKGHVFXZV2MC"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/VLPJHM2WWSYU2F6KHW2BYFGYL4IGTKHC"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Composer has multiple command injections via malicious git/hg branch names"
}
GHSA-V9WQ-J6GV-CW3Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-12 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-12 21:31Command injection vulnerabilities exist in the web-based management interface of AOS-8 and AOS-10 Operating Systems. Successful exploitation could allow an authenticated remote attacker to upload arbitrary files to the underlying operating system, potentially leading to remote code execution as a privileged user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-44853"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T20:16:43Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Command injection vulnerabilities exist in the web-based management interface of AOS-8 and AOS-10 Operating Systems. Successful exploitation could allow an authenticated remote attacker to upload arbitrary files to the underlying operating system, potentially leading to remote code execution as a privileged user.",
"id": "GHSA-v9wq-j6gv-cw3q",
"modified": "2026-05-12T21:31:35Z",
"published": "2026-05-12T21:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44853"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=hpesbnw05048en_us\u0026docLocale=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V9X6-XF54-326M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-27 21:30 – Updated: 2024-10-27 21:30A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in WAVLINK WN530H4, WN530HG4 and WN572HG3 up to 20221028. Affected is the function set_ipv6 of the file internet.cgi. The manipulation of the argument IPv6OpMode/IPv6IPAddr/IPv6WANIPAddr/IPv6GWAddr leads to command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10429"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-27T21:15:02Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in WAVLINK WN530H4, WN530HG4 and WN572HG3 up to 20221028. Affected is the function set_ipv6 of the file internet.cgi. The manipulation of the argument IPv6OpMode/IPv6IPAddr/IPv6WANIPAddr/IPv6GWAddr leads to command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-v9x6-xf54-326m",
"modified": "2024-10-27T21:30:32Z",
"published": "2024-10-27T21:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10429"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ktuys5jr7MKwz503QBbEfxZ5mZbXlbvl"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.281970"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.281970"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.427274"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-VC2P-R46X-M3VX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-25 20:56 – Updated: 2021-08-18 20:59Impact
Affected versions of lettre allowed argument injection to the sendmail command. It was possible, using forged to addresses, to pass arbitrary arguments to the sendmail executable.
Depending on the implementation (original sendmail, postfix, exim, etc.) it could be possible in some cases to write email data into abritrary files (using sendmail's logging features).
NOTE: This vulnerability only affects the sendmail transport. Others, including smtp, are not affected.
Fix
The flaw is corrected by modifying the executed command to stop parsing arguments before passing the destination addresses.
References
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "lettre"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "lettre"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.8.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.8.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "lettre"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.7.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-28247"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-18T20:59:57Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nAffected versions of lettre allowed argument injection to the sendmail command. It was possible, using forged to addresses, to pass arbitrary arguments to the sendmail executable.\n\nDepending on the implementation (original sendmail, postfix, exim, etc.) it could be possible in some cases to write email data into abritrary files (using sendmail\u0027s logging features).\n\n*NOTE*: This vulnerability only affects the sendmail transport. Others, including smtp, are not affected.\n\n### Fix\n\nThe flaw is corrected by modifying the executed command to stop parsing arguments before passing the destination addresses.\n\n### References\n\n* [RUSTSEC-2020-0069](https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2020-0069.html)\n* [CVE-2020-28247](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-28247)",
"id": "GHSA-vc2p-r46x-m3vx",
"modified": "2021-08-18T20:59:57Z",
"published": "2021-08-25T20:56:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/lettre/lettre/security/advisories/GHSA-vc2p-r46x-m3vx"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-28247"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/RustSec/advisory-db/pull/478/files"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/lettre/lettre/pull/508/commits/bbe7cc5381c5380b54fb8bbb4f77a3725917ff0b"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/lettre/lettre"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2020-0069.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Argument injection in lettre"
}
GHSA-VC4Q-VR75-R5HQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:31 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:31The Alcatel Lucent I-240W-Q GPON ONT using firmware version 3FE54567BOZJ19 is vulnerable to command injection via crafted HTTP request sent by a remote, authenticated attacker to /GponForm/usb_restore_Form?script/.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3919"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-05T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Alcatel Lucent I-240W-Q GPON ONT using firmware version 3FE54567BOZJ19 is vulnerable to command injection via crafted HTTP request sent by a remote, authenticated attacker to /GponForm/usb_restore_Form?script/.",
"id": "GHSA-vc4q-vr75-r5hq",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:31:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3919"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2019-09"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VC6C-MCJW-3QVQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:39 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:39In EMC VNX2 versions prior to OE for File 8.1.9.211 and VNX1 versions prior to OE for File 7.1.80.8, an unauthenticated remote attacker may be able to elevate their permissions to root through a command injection. This may potentially be exploited by an attacker to run arbitrary code with root-level privileges on the targeted VNX Control Station system, aka remote code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-4984"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-06-19T12:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In EMC VNX2 versions prior to OE for File 8.1.9.211 and VNX1 versions prior to OE for File 7.1.80.8, an unauthenticated remote attacker may be able to elevate their permissions to root through a command injection. This may potentially be exploited by an attacker to run arbitrary code with root-level privileges on the targeted VNX Control Station system, aka remote code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-vc6c-mcjw-3qvq",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:39:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:39:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-4984"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/540738/30/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99039"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.