CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2335 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-37X6-M83P-F654
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-22 00:30 – Updated: 2023-03-03 15:30An open redirect issue was discovered in Kibana that could lead to a user being redirected to an arbitrary website if they use a maliciously crafted Kibana URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-38779"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-22T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect issue was discovered in Kibana that could lead to a user being redirected to an arbitrary website if they use a maliciously crafted Kibana URL.",
"id": "GHSA-37x6-m83p-f654",
"modified": "2023-03-03T15:30:24Z",
"published": "2023-02-22T00:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38779"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.elastic.co/t/kibana-7-17-9-and-8-6-2-security-update/325782"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.elastic.co/community/security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-384J-85HC-JFQ2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:46 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:46An Open Redirect vulnerability in EpiServer Find before 13.2.7 allows an attacker to redirect users to untrusted websites via the _t_redirect parameter in a crafted URL, such as a /find_v2/_click URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-24550"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-31T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Open Redirect vulnerability in EpiServer Find before 13.2.7 allows an attacker to redirect users to untrusted websites via the _t_redirect parameter in a crafted URL, such as a /find_v2/_click URL.",
"id": "GHSA-384j-85hc-jfq2",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:46:02Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:46:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24550"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://labs.nettitude.com/blog/cve-2020-24550-open-redirect-in-episerver-find"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3879-GMGH-P53R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-19 21:30 – Updated: 2025-08-20 18:30The QR scanner could allow arbitrary websites to be opened if a user was tricked into scanning a malicious link that leveraged Firefox's open-text URL scheme This vulnerability affects Firefox for iOS < 141.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54145"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-19T21:15:27Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The QR scanner could allow arbitrary websites to be opened if a user was tricked into scanning a malicious link that leveraged Firefox\u0027s open-text URL scheme This vulnerability affects Firefox for iOS \u003c 141.",
"id": "GHSA-3879-gmgh-p53r",
"modified": "2025-08-20T18:30:20Z",
"published": "2025-08-19T21:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54145"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1946122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-60"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-387W-V9HJ-PH2G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:06 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:06Machform prior to version 16 is vulnerable to an open redirect in Safari_init.php due to an improperly sanitized 'ref' parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-20105"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-29T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Machform prior to version 16 is vulnerable to an open redirect in Safari_init.php due to an improperly sanitized \u0027ref\u0027 parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-387w-v9hj-ph2g",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:06:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:06:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-20105"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2021-25,https://www.machform.com/blog-machform-16-released"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-38HM-HX7F-67MV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:05 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:45Open redirect vulnerability in Library Information Management System LIMEDIO all versions allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a specially crafted URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-6021"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-12-26T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Library Information Management System LIMEDIO all versions allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a specially crafted URL.",
"id": "GHSA-38hm-hx7f-67mv",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:45:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:05:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6021"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ricoh.co.jp/limedio/user"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN45633549/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-38HQ-7X33-PHP4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-24 16:20 – Updated: 2026-07-24 16:20Impact
The allowlist matching used by the experimental dynamic client registration and client ID metadata document (CIMD) features in @backstage/plugin-auth-backend matched glob patterns against the full URL string. A * wildcard could therefore match across URL component boundaries: a pattern such as https://*.example.com/callback, intended to allow subdomains of a trusted host, would also match an attacker-controlled URL such as https://attacker.example/x.example.com/callback. This applies to auth.experimentalDynamicClientRegistration.allowedRedirectUriPatterns as well as the allowedClientIdPatterns and allowedRedirectUriPatterns options of auth.experimentalClientIdMetadataDocuments.
An attacker could use this to register an OAuth client whose redirect URI points to a host they control while still passing the allowlist, causing authorization codes to be delivered to the attacker when a victim completes an authorization flow. In addition, allowlist patterns without an explicit protocol could match URLs with any protocol, and redirect URIs containing embedded credentials (user:pass@host) were accepted after the credentials were stripped for matching.
The practical impact is limited. Both features are experimental and disabled by default, and the default allowlist patterns only reference fixed or loopback hosts and are not affected. Deployments are only impacted if they enable one of these features and configure custom allowlist patterns that contain a wildcard in the hostname, or patterns without an explicit protocol.
Patches
Patched in @backstage/plugin-auth-backend version 0.29.2. Patterns are now matched against each URL component separately so that wildcards no longer match across the host and path boundary, patterns without an explicit protocol are rejected as invalid configuration, and redirect URIs with embedded credentials are always rejected.
Note that as part of this fix, a wildcard port no longer implicitly matches every path: a pattern such as http://localhost:* now only matches the root path. Use http://localhost:*/* to allow any port and any path.
Workarounds
Disable the experimental features by removing auth.experimentalDynamicClientRegistration and auth.experimentalClientIdMetadataDocuments from your app-config, which is the default configuration. Alternatively, restrict the configured allowlist patterns to fully specified URLs with an explicit protocol and no wildcard in the hostname, which are not affected by this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.29.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@backstage/plugin-auth-backend"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.29.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-24T16:20:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe allowlist matching used by the experimental dynamic client registration and client ID metadata document (CIMD) features in `@backstage/plugin-auth-backend` matched glob patterns against the full URL string. A * wildcard could therefore match across URL component boundaries: a pattern such as `https://*.example.com/callback`, intended to allow subdomains of a trusted host, would also match an attacker-controlled URL such as `https://attacker.example/x.example.com/callback`. This applies to `auth.experimentalDynamicClientRegistration.allowedRedirectUriPatterns` as well as the `allowedClientIdPatterns` and `allowedRedirectUriPatterns` options of `auth.experimentalClientIdMetadataDocuments`.\n\nAn attacker could use this to register an OAuth client whose redirect URI points to a host they control while still passing the allowlist, causing authorization codes to be delivered to the attacker when a victim completes an authorization flow. In addition, allowlist patterns without an explicit protocol could match URLs with any protocol, and redirect URIs containing embedded credentials (user:pass@host) were accepted after the credentials were stripped for matching.\n\nThe practical impact is limited. Both features are experimental and disabled by default, and the default allowlist patterns only reference fixed or loopback hosts and are not affected. Deployments are only impacted if they enable one of these features and configure custom allowlist patterns that contain a wildcard in the hostname, or patterns without an explicit protocol.\n\n### Patches\nPatched in `@backstage/plugin-auth-backend` version `0.29.2`. Patterns are now matched against each URL component separately so that wildcards no longer match across the host and path boundary, patterns without an explicit protocol are rejected as invalid configuration, and redirect URIs with embedded credentials are always rejected.\n\nNote that as part of this fix, a wildcard port no longer implicitly matches every path: a pattern such as `http://localhost:*` now only matches the root path. Use `http://localhost:*/*` to allow any port and any path.\n\n### Workarounds\nDisable the experimental features by removing `auth.experimentalDynamicClientRegistration` and `auth.experimentalClientIdMetadataDocuments` from your `app-config`, which is the default configuration. Alternatively, restrict the configured allowlist patterns to fully specified URLs with an explicit protocol and no wildcard in the hostname, which are not affected by this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-38hq-7x33-php4",
"modified": "2026-07-24T16:20:59Z",
"published": "2026-07-24T16:20:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/security/advisories/GHSA-38hq-7x33-php4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/274acc51d22a7dd919cdda49d9086cf12c0b8711"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/6370e53bce8b227c63092300594ffde29c006886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/ef606a85545cb6d765e20afd1ff43ae5407a3660"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/fdc0d2dcd9a571e3839d7f5de4133c4e242a3a41"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/releases/tag/v1.53.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "@backstage/plugin-auth-backend: Unauthenticated OAuth account takeover via `redirect_uri` allowlist bypass"
}
GHSA-3975-4FWF-J526
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-15 06:30 – Updated: 2025-04-21 15:31A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in CodeCanyon RISE Rise Ultimate Project Manager 3.5.3. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /index.php/signin. The manipulation of the argument redirect with the input http://evil.com leads to open redirect. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. VDB-250714 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0545"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-15T06:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in CodeCanyon RISE Rise Ultimate Project Manager 3.5.3. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /index.php/signin. The manipulation of the argument redirect with the input http://evil.com leads to open redirect. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. VDB-250714 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-3975-4fwf-j526",
"modified": "2025-04-21T15:31:14Z",
"published": "2024-01-15T06:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0545"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.250714"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.250714"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.266974"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-398J-R5C5-VRPH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:07 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:46In Cloud Foundry router routing-release all versions prior to v0.163.0 and cf-release all versions prior to v274, in some applications, it is possible to append a combination of characters to the URL that will allow for an open redirect. An attacker could exploit this as a phishing attack to gain access to user credentials or other sensitive data. NOTE: 274 resolves the vulnerability but has a serious bug that is fixed in 275.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8047"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-10-04T01:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Cloud Foundry router routing-release all versions prior to v0.163.0 and cf-release all versions prior to v274, in some applications, it is possible to append a combination of characters to the URL that will allow for an open redirect. An attacker could exploit this as a phishing attack to gain access to user credentials or other sensitive data. NOTE: 274 resolves the vulnerability but has a serious bug that is fixed in 275.",
"id": "GHSA-398j-r5c5-vrph",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:46:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:07:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8047"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cloudfoundry.org/cve-2017-8047"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-399V-JMHP-RR76
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:38 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:38A Remote Unauthorized Disclosure of Information vulnerability in HPE IceWall Federation Agent version 3.0 was found.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8945"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-02-15T22:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A Remote Unauthorized Disclosure of Information vulnerability in HPE IceWall Federation Agent version 3.0 was found.",
"id": "GHSA-399v-jmhp-rr76",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:38:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:38:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8945"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docId=emr_na-hpesbgn03737en_us"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/98711"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038570"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-39Q7-8C7V-RHJV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-20 06:30 – Updated: 2025-08-20 06:30URL redirection to untrusted site ('Open Redirect') issue exists in Movable Type. If this vulnerability is exploited, an invalid parameter may be inserted into the password reset page, which may lead to redirection to an arbitrary URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-55706"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-20T05:15:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL redirection to untrusted site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) issue exists in Movable Type. If this vulnerability is exploited, an invalid parameter may be inserted into the password reset page, which may lead to redirection to an arbitrary URL.",
"id": "GHSA-39q7-8c7v-rhjv",
"modified": "2025-08-20T06:30:27Z",
"published": "2025-08-20T06:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-55706"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN76729865"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://movabletype.org/news/2025/08/mt-843-released.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.