CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-VWM9-W486-J9VQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-19 03:30 – Updated: 2024-01-19 03:30IBM Storage Defender - Data Protect 1.0.0 through 1.4.1 is vulnerable to HTTP header injection, caused by improper validation of input by the HOST headers. This could allow an attacker to conduct various attacks against the vulnerable system, including cross-site scripting, cache poisoning or session hijacking. IBM X-Force ID: 276101.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-50963"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-19T02:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Storage Defender - Data Protect 1.0.0 through 1.4.1 is vulnerable to HTTP header injection, caused by improper validation of input by the HOST headers. This could allow an attacker to conduct various attacks against the vulnerable system, including cross-site scripting, cache poisoning or session hijacking. IBM X-Force ID: 276101.",
"id": "GHSA-vwm9-w486-j9vq",
"modified": "2024-01-19T03:30:22Z",
"published": "2024-01-19T03:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50963"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/276101"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7106918"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VWMM-7W98-R7P2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-19 21:32 – Updated: 2026-06-19 21:32Url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in Microsoft 365 Copilot's Business Chat allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47645"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-19T21:16:58Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Url redirection to untrusted site (\u0027open redirect\u0027) in Microsoft 365 Copilot\u0027s Business Chat allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-vwmm-7w98-r7p2",
"modified": "2026-06-19T21:32:48Z",
"published": "2026-06-19T21:32:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-47645"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-47645"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VWXH-W8PQ-6Q99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-11 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-13 21:31URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Drupal Drupal core allows Content Spoofing. This issue affects Drupal core versions: from 0.0.0 to 10.5.12, from 10.6.0 to 10.6.11, from 11.2.0 to 11.2.14, from 11.3.0 to 11.3.12, from 0.0.0 to 11.0., from 0.0.0 to 11.1..
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-55806"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-10T22:16:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Drupal Drupal core allows Content Spoofing. This issue affects Drupal core versions: from 0.0.0 to 10.5.12, from 10.6.0 to 10.6.11, from 11.2.0 to 11.2.14, from 11.3.0 to 11.3.12, from 0.0.0 to 11.0.*, from 0.0.0 to 11.1.*.",
"id": "GHSA-vwxh-w8pq-6q99",
"modified": "2026-07-13T21:31:18Z",
"published": "2026-07-11T00:31:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-55806"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-core-2026-007"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VWXJ-GPP4-VGCX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:37 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:37IBM Connections 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 135521.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1748"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-06-04T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Connections 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 135521.",
"id": "GHSA-vwxj-gpp4-vgcx",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:37:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:37:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1748"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/135521"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22016698"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VX57-7F4Q-FPC7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-15 01:57 – Updated: 2021-05-28 22:05Impact
In 2.23.0, Prometheus changed its default UI to the New ui. To ensure a seamless transition, the URL's prefixed by /new redirect to /. Due to a bug in the code, it is possible for an attacker to craft an URL that can redirect to any other URL, in the /new endpoint.
If a user visits a prometheus server with a specially crafted address (e.g.: http://127.0.0.1:9090/new/new<url>), they can be redirected to an arbitrary URL.
e.g. if a user visits http://127.0.0.1:9090/new/newhttp://www.google.com/, they will be redirected to http://google.com.
Patches
The issue will be patched in 2.26.1 and 2.27.1 releases. In 2.28.0, the /new endpoint will be removed completely.
Workarounds
The workaround is to disable access to /new via a reverse proxy in front of Prometheus.
Note: Users who use a --web.external-url= flag with a path (e.g. --web.external-url=http://example.com/prometheus) are not affected.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please use our community channels (https://prometheus.io/community). Our security policy is available at https://prometheus.io/docs/operating/security/
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/prometheus/prometheus"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.23.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.26.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/prometheus/prometheus"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.27.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.27.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"2.27.0"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29622"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-19T17:58:51Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-19T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nIn 2.23.0, Prometheus changed its default UI to the New ui. To ensure a seamless transition, the URL\u0027s prefixed by /new redirect to /.\nDue to a bug in the code, it is possible for an attacker to craft an URL that can redirect to any other URL, in the /new endpoint.\n\nIf a user visits a prometheus server with a specially crafted address (e.g.: `http://127.0.0.1:9090/new/new\u003curl\u003e`), they can be redirected to an arbitrary URL.\n\ne.g. if a user visits http://127.0.0.1:9090/new/newhttp://www.google.com/, they will be redirected to http://google.com.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue will be patched in 2.26.1 and 2.27.1 releases.\nIn 2.28.0, the /new endpoint will be removed completely.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThe workaround is to disable access to /new via a reverse proxy in front of Prometheus.\n\nNote: Users who use a `--web.external-url=` flag _with a path_ (e.g. `--web.external-url=http://example.com/prometheus`) are not affected.\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please use our community channels (https://prometheus.io/community).\nOur security policy is available at https://prometheus.io/docs/operating/security/\n",
"id": "GHSA-vx57-7f4q-fpc7",
"modified": "2021-05-28T22:05:12Z",
"published": "2022-02-15T01:57:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/security/advisories/GHSA-vx57-7f4q-fpc7"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29622"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/tag/v2.26.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/tag/v2.27.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Arbitrary redirects under /new endpoint"
}
GHSA-VX7G-39P9-2R2G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:48 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:45Open redirect vulnerability in Xsuite 2.4.4.5 and earlier allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the redirurl parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-4668"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-09-25T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Xsuite 2.4.4.5 and earlier allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the redirurl parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-vx7g-39p9-2r2g",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:45:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:48:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-4668"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.ca.com/us/product-content/recommended-reading/security-notices/ca20180614-01--security-notice-for-ca-privileged-access-manager.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/37708"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.modzero.ch/advisories/MZ-15-02-Xceedium-Xsuite.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/536058/100/0/threaded"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VXF5-WXWP-M7G9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-12 14:51 – Updated: 2022-04-28 20:32Next.js is an open source website development framework to be used with the React library. In affected versions specially encoded paths could be used when pages/_error.js was statically generated, allowing an open redirect to occur to an external site. In general, this redirect does not directly harm users although it can allow for phishing attacks by redirecting to an attacker's domain from a trusted domain.
Impact
- Affected: Users of Next.js between
10.0.5and10.2.0 - Affected: Users of Next.js between
11.0.0and11.0.1usingpages/_error.jswithoutgetInitialProps - Affected: Users of Next.js between
11.0.0and11.0.1usingpages/_error.jsandnext export - Not affected: Deployments on Vercel (vercel.com) are not affected
- Not affected: Deployments with
pages/404.js - Note that versions prior to 0.9.9 package
nextnpm package hosted a different utility (0.4.1 being the latest version of that codebase), and this advisory does not apply to those versions.
We recommend upgrading to the latest version of Next.js to improve the overall security of your application.
Patches
https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v11.1.0
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "next"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.9.9"
},
{
"fixed": "11.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37699"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-12T14:50:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-12T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Next.js is an open source website development framework to be used with the React library. In affected versions specially encoded paths could be used when `pages/_error.js` was statically generated, allowing an open redirect to occur to an external site. In general, this redirect does not directly harm users although it can allow for phishing attacks by redirecting to an attacker\u0027s domain from a trusted domain.\n\n### Impact\n\n- **Affected:** Users of Next.js between `10.0.5` and `10.2.0`\n- **Affected:** Users of Next.js between `11.0.0` and `11.0.1` using `pages/_error.js` without `getInitialProps`\n- **Affected:** Users of Next.js between `11.0.0` and `11.0.1` using `pages/_error.js` and `next export`\n- **Not affected**: Deployments on Vercel ([vercel.com](https://vercel.com)) are not affected\n- **Not affected:** Deployments **with** `pages/404.js`\n- Note that versions prior to 0.9.9 package `next` npm package hosted a different utility (0.4.1 being the latest version of that codebase), and this advisory does not apply to those versions.\n\nWe recommend upgrading to the latest version of Next.js to improve the overall security of your application.\n\n### Patches\n\nhttps://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v11.1.0",
"id": "GHSA-vxf5-wxwp-m7g9",
"modified": "2022-04-28T20:32:19Z",
"published": "2021-08-12T14:51:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/advisories/GHSA-vxf5-wxwp-m7g9"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37699"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v11.1.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in Next.js"
}
GHSA-VXRH-JFCH-HQCF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-11 03:30 – Updated: 2024-02-17 00:31Glewlwyd SSO server 2.x through 2.7.6 allows open redirection via redirect_uri.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25715"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-11T03:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Glewlwyd SSO server 2.x through 2.7.6 allows open redirection via redirect_uri.",
"id": "GHSA-vxrh-jfch-hqcf",
"modified": "2024-02-17T00:31:38Z",
"published": "2024-02-11T03:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25715"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/babelouest/glewlwyd/commit/59239381a88c505ab38fe64fdd92f846defa5754"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/babelouest/glewlwyd/commit/c91c0155f2393274cc18efe77e06c6846e404c75"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-W228-RFPX-FHM4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-23 16:21 – Updated: 2024-04-23 16:21Summary
A vulnerability has been discovered in the handling of the referrer header in the application, which could allow an attacker to conduct open redirects. The issue arises from improper validation of the referrer header in certain conditions. By manipulating the referrer header, an attacker could potentially redirect users to malicious websites, phishing pages, or other dangerous destinations.
PoC
If you change the referer header, you will be redirected to that domain without verifying.
https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/blob/master/cg/server/invoices/views.py#L173
Impact
An attacker exploiting this vulnerability could trick users into visiting malicious websites or disclose sensitive information by redirecting them to unintended destinations. This could lead to various attacks including phishing, malware distribution, or further exploitation of other vulnerabilities.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "cg"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "60.2.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-23T16:21:22Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nA vulnerability has been discovered in the handling of the referrer header in the application, which could allow an attacker to conduct open redirects. The issue arises from improper validation of the referrer header in certain conditions. By manipulating the referrer header, an attacker could potentially redirect users to malicious websites, phishing pages, or other dangerous destinations.\n\n### PoC\n\nIf you change the referer header, you will be redirected to that domain without verifying.\n\nhttps://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/blob/master/cg/server/invoices/views.py#L173\n\n### Impact\n\nAn attacker exploiting this vulnerability could trick users into visiting malicious websites or disclose sensitive information by redirecting them to unintended destinations. This could lead to various attacks including phishing, malware distribution, or further exploitation of other vulnerabilities.",
"id": "GHSA-w228-rfpx-fhm4",
"modified": "2024-04-23T16:21:22Z",
"published": "2024-04-23T16:21:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/security/advisories/GHSA-w228-rfpx-fhm4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/commit/96e6a968a5a3639cc40ad251ad65952e4f38dd25"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Clinical-Genomics/cg/blob/master/cg/server/invoices/views.py#L173"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "cg vulnerable to an Open Redirect Vulnerability on Referer Header"
}
GHSA-W26H-G22F-G53G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-27 15:30 – Updated: 2025-05-13 15:32URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Uncanny Owl Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash.This issue affects Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash: from n/a through 3.6.4.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-34020"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-27T14:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Uncanny Owl Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash.This issue affects Uncanny Toolkit for LearnDash: from n/a through 3.6.4.3.",
"id": "GHSA-w26h-g22f-g53g",
"modified": "2025-05-13T15:32:01Z",
"published": "2024-03-27T15:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34020"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/uncanny-learndash-toolkit/wordpress-uncanny-toolkit-for-learndash-plugin-3-6-4-3-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.