CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2312 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HMJ5-JM8H-H9FH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-06 21:27 – Updated: 2026-07-06 21:49Summary
An open redirect vulnerability in the account confirmation endpoint allows an unauthenticated attacker to craft a URL hosted on a legitimate Kiwi TCMS instance that redirects victims to an arbitrary external domain. The attack surface is particularly relevant for phishing campaigns targeting Kiwi TCMS users, as the malicious link originates from a trusted organizational hostname.
Impact
This is an open redirect vulnerability (CWE-601). Any unauthenticated attacker can exploit it against any user of a Kiwi TCMS deployment.
The primary risk is phishing. Because Kiwi TCMS is typically deployed as an internal tool for engineering and QA teams, a redirect from the organization's own hostname carries high implicit trust. An attacker can use this endpoint to: - Redirect victims to a credential-harvesting page styled to match the Kiwi TCMS or corporate SSO login. - Bypass email security filters and link-reputation checks that allowlist the organization's domain. - Distribute malware via a convincing "confirm your account" lure.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "kiwitcms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "12.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-54724"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-06T21:27:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nAn open redirect vulnerability in the account confirmation endpoint allows an unauthenticated attacker to craft a URL hosted on a legitimate Kiwi TCMS instance that redirects victims to an arbitrary external domain. The attack surface is particularly relevant for phishing campaigns targeting Kiwi TCMS users, as the malicious link originates from a trusted organizational hostname.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis is an open redirect vulnerability (CWE-601). Any unauthenticated attacker can exploit it against any user of a Kiwi TCMS deployment.\n\nThe primary risk is phishing. Because Kiwi TCMS is typically deployed as an internal tool for engineering and QA teams, a redirect from the organization\u0027s own hostname carries high implicit trust. An attacker can use this endpoint to:\n- Redirect victims to a credential-harvesting page styled to match the Kiwi TCMS or corporate SSO login.\n- Bypass email security filters and link-reputation checks that allowlist the organization\u0027s domain.\n- Distribute malware via a convincing \"confirm your account\" lure.",
"id": "GHSA-hmj5-jm8h-h9fh",
"modified": "2026-07-06T21:49:19Z",
"published": "2026-07-06T21:27:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwitcms/Kiwi/security/advisories/GHSA-hmj5-jm8h-h9fh"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwitcms/Kiwi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwitcms/Kiwi/releases/tag/v16.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kiwitcms.org/blog/kiwi-tcms-team/2026/06/24/kiwi-tcms-161"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Kiwi TCMS has an Open Redirect via unvalidated next parameter in account confirmation endpoint"
}
GHSA-HMM3-WJ4G-8W8G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:36 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:36The online help portal of Mitel MiCollab before 9.2 could allow an attacker to redirect a user to an unauthorized website by executing malicious script due to insufficient access control.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-27340"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-18T08:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The online help portal of Mitel MiCollab before 9.2 could allow an attacker to redirect a user to an unauthorized website by executing malicious script due to insufficient access control.",
"id": "GHSA-hmm3-wj4g-8w8g",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:36:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:36:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mitel.com/support/security-advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HP3Q-VQ75-JGV9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-17 18:35 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:35Vulnerability in the Oracle WebCenter Sites product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: WebCenter Sites). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.2.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle WebCenter Sites. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle WebCenter Sites. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.0 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-46796"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-17T10:53:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle WebCenter Sites product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: WebCenter Sites). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.2.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle WebCenter Sites. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle WebCenter Sites. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.0 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-hp3q-vq75-jgv9",
"modified": "2026-06-17T18:35:29Z",
"published": "2026-06-17T18:35:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-46796"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cspujun2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP59-976F-XJMX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-17 21:31 – Updated: 2026-02-17 21:31IBM DB2 Recovery Expert for LUW 5.5 Interim Fix 002 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27900"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-17T20:22:02Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM DB2 Recovery Expert for LUW 5.5 Interim Fix 002 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim.",
"id": "GHSA-hp59-976f-xjmx",
"modified": "2026-02-17T21:31:14Z",
"published": "2026-02-17T21:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27900"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7259901"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HP7H-C8MH-9M8P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-10 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:46Unauth. Open Redirect vulnerability in Arscode Ninja Popups plugin <= 4.7.5 versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-27861"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-10T10:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Unauth. Open Redirect vulnerability in Arscode Ninja Popups plugin \u003c=\u00a04.7.5 versions.",
"id": "GHSA-hp7h-c8mh-9m8p",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:46:49Z",
"published": "2023-08-10T12:30:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27861"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/arscode-ninja-popups/wordpress-ninja-popups-plugin-4-7-5-unauth-open-redirect-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HQQF-5VJP-3GWX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:54 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:54On BIG-IP APM 11.6.0-11.6.3, an insecure AES ECB mode is used for orig_uri parameter in an undisclosed /vdesk link of APM virtual server configured with an access profile, allowing a malicious user to build a redirect URI value using different blocks of cipher texts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-5548"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-09-13T14:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "On BIG-IP APM 11.6.0-11.6.3, an insecure AES ECB mode is used for orig_uri parameter in an undisclosed /vdesk link of APM virtual server configured with an access profile, allowing a malicious user to build a redirect URI value using different blocks of cipher texts.",
"id": "GHSA-hqqf-5vjp-3gwx",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:54:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:54:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-5548"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K66171422"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://sbudella.altervista.org/blog/20180911-cve-2018-5548.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105353"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HR2W-874H-3JJJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-29 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-14 00:00If the user enables the https function on the device, an attacker can modify the user’s request data packet through a man-in-the-middle attack ,Injection of a malicious URL in the Host: header of the HTTP Request results in a 302 redirect to an attacker-controlled page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-30562"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-28T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "If the user enables the https function on the device, an attacker can modify the user\u2019s request data packet through a man-in-the-middle attack ,Injection of a malicious URL in the Host: header of the HTTP Request results in a 302 redirect to an attacker-controlled page.",
"id": "GHSA-hr2w-874h-3jjj",
"modified": "2022-07-14T00:00:18Z",
"published": "2022-06-29T00:00:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-30562"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dahuasecurity.com/support/cybersecurity/details/1017"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HR96-643C-QP42
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:39 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:39A vulnerability in the web management interface of Cisco Smart Software Manager satellite could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an undesired web page. The vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request that is sent to an affected device. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted HTTP request that could cause the web application to redirect the request to a specified malicious URL. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1218"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-01-20T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\n A vulnerability in the web management interface of Cisco Smart Software Manager satellite could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an undesired web page.\n The vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request that is sent to an affected device. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted HTTP request that could cause the web application to redirect the request to a specified malicious URL. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website.\n ",
"id": "GHSA-hr96-643c-qp42",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:39:36Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:39:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1218"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-cssmor-MDCWkT2x"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HRFH-HW79-VVHM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:20 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:20An issue was discovered in Open-Xchange OX AppSuite before 7.8.0-rev27. The "defer" servlet offers to redirect a client to a specified URL. Since some checks were missing, arbitrary URLs could be provided as redirection target. Users can be tricked to follow a link to a trustworthy domain but end up at an unexpected service later on. This vulnerability can be used to prepare and enhance phishing attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-3174"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-12-15T06:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Open-Xchange OX AppSuite before 7.8.0-rev27. The \"defer\" servlet offers to redirect a client to a specified URL. Since some checks were missing, arbitrary URLs could be provided as redirection target. Users can be tricked to follow a link to a trustworthy domain but end up at an unexpected service later on. This vulnerability can be used to prepare and enhance phishing attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-hrfh-hw79-vvhm",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:20:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:20:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3174"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/137187/Open-Xchange-OX-AppSuite-7.8.0-XSS-Open-Redirect.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/538481/100/0/threaded"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HRR3-4MF8-J2W9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:01 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:01Redirection version 2.7.3 contains a ACE via file inclusion vulnerability in Pass-through mode that can result in allows admins to execute any PHP file in the filesystem. This attack appear to be exploitable via Attacker must be have access to an admin account on the target site. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 2.8.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-1000504"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-06-26T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Redirection version 2.7.3 contains a ACE via file inclusion vulnerability in Pass-through mode that can result in allows admins to execute any PHP file in the filesystem. This attack appear to be exploitable via Attacker must be have access to an admin account on the target site. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 2.8.",
"id": "GHSA-hrr3-4mf8-j2w9",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:01:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:01:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-1000504"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://advisories.dxw.com/advisories/ace-file-inclusion-redirection"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.