CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2334 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-9853-P5PW-C3VC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-18 00:30 – Updated: 2025-05-18 00:30A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in kanwangzjm Funiture up to 71ca0fb0658b3d839d9e049ac36429207f05329b. Affected is the function doPost of the file /funiture-master/src/main/java/com/app/mvc/acl/servlet/LoginServlet.java of the component Login. The manipulation of the argument ret leads to open redirect. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4838"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-17T22:15:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in kanwangzjm Funiture up to 71ca0fb0658b3d839d9e049ac36429207f05329b. Affected is the function doPost of the file /funiture-master/src/main/java/com/app/mvc/acl/servlet/LoginServlet.java of the component Login. The manipulation of the argument ret leads to open redirect. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available.",
"id": "GHSA-9853-p5pw-c3vc",
"modified": "2025-05-18T00:30:26Z",
"published": "2025-05-18T00:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4838"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ShenxiuSec/cve-proofs/blob/main/POC-20250510-01.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.309306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.309306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.574825"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-9884-HHWQ-42C3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-13 06:30 – Updated: 2022-12-15 18:30In SAP Solution Manager (Enterprise Search) - versions 740, and 750, an unauthenticated attacker can generate a link that, if clicked by a logged-in user, can be redirected to a malicious page that could read or modify sensitive information, or expose the user to a phishing attack, with little impact on confidentiality and integrity.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41275"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-13T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In SAP Solution Manager (Enterprise Search) - versions 740, and 750, an unauthenticated attacker can generate a link that, if clicked by a logged-in user, can be redirected to a malicious page that could read or modify sensitive information, or expose the user to a phishing attack, with little impact on confidentiality and integrity.",
"id": "GHSA-9884-hhwq-42c3",
"modified": "2022-12-15T18:30:25Z",
"published": "2022-12-13T06:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41275"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3271313"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-98PR-9HW5-CRG3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-15 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-15 15:31An open redirect vulnerability has been identified in Grafana OSS that can be exploited to achieve XSS attacks. The vulnerability was introduced in Grafana v11.5.0. The open redirect can be chained with path traversal vulnerabilities to achieve XSS. Fixed in versions 12.0.2+security-01, 11.6.3+security-01, 11.5.6+security-01, 11.4.6+security-01 and 11.3.8+security-01
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-0712"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-15T13:16:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability has been identified in Grafana OSS that can be exploited to achieve XSS attacks. The vulnerability was introduced in Grafana v11.5.0. The open redirect can be chained with path traversal vulnerabilities to achieve XSS. Fixed in versions 12.0.2+security-01, 11.6.3+security-01, 11.5.6+security-01, 11.4.6+security-01 and 11.3.8+security-01",
"id": "GHSA-98pr-9hw5-crg3",
"modified": "2026-01-15T15:31:16Z",
"published": "2026-01-15T15:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0712"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sick.com/psirt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2026/sca-2026-0002.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2026/sca-2026-0002.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/media/docs/9/19/719/special_information_sick_operating_guidelines_cybersecurity_by_sick_en_im0106719.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-994V-8MPG-9F54
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-29 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:34URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Deepen Bajracharya Video Conferencing with Zoom.This issue affects Video Conferencing with Zoom: from n/a through 4.4.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-33584"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-29T08:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Deepen Bajracharya Video Conferencing with Zoom.This issue affects Video Conferencing with Zoom: from n/a through 4.4.4.",
"id": "GHSA-994v-8mpg-9f54",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:34:59Z",
"published": "2024-04-29T09:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-33584"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/video-conferencing-with-zoom-api/wordpress-video-conferencing-with-zoom-plugin-4-4-4-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-995F-R3QG-J3MX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:44 – Updated: 2023-02-13 00:30A vulnerability was found in Moodle 3.7 to 3.7.1, 3.6 to 3.6.5, 3.5 to 3.5.7 and earlier unsupported versions, where forum subscribe link contained an open redirect if forced subscription mode was enabled. If a forum's subscription mode was set to "forced subscription", the forum's subscribe link contained an open redirect.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-14831"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-19T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Moodle 3.7 to 3.7.1, 3.6 to 3.6.5, 3.5 to 3.5.7 and earlier unsupported versions, where forum subscribe link contained an open redirect if forced subscription mode was enabled. If a forum\u0027s subscription mode was set to \"forced subscription\", the forum\u0027s subscribe link contained an open redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-995f-r3qg-j3mx",
"modified": "2023-02-13T00:30:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:44:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-14831"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.moodle.org/gw?p=moodle.git%3Ba=commit%3Bh=32e2e06a8737afb07ee83abb3eacd39f8b181216"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.moodle.org/gw?p=moodle.git;a=commit;h=32e2e06a8737afb07ee83abb3eacd39f8b181216"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=391037"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-99HF-FCC2-GWM3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-19 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-19 15:31Open Redirect in URL parameter in Automated Logic WebCTRL and Carrier i-Vu versions 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 may allow attackers to exploit user sessions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8527"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-19T14:15:56Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Open Redirect in URL parameter in Automated Logic WebCTRL and Carrier i-Vu versions 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 may allow attackers to exploit user sessions.",
"id": "GHSA-99hf-fcc2-gwm3",
"modified": "2025-11-19T15:31:39Z",
"published": "2025-11-19T15:31:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8527"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.corporate.carrier.com/product-security/advisories-resources"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-99PM-CH96-CCP2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-16 17:28 – Updated: 2025-05-16 17:28Impact
Flask-AppBuilder prior to 4.6.2 would allow for a malicious unauthenticated actor to perform an open redirect by manipulating the Host header in HTTP requests.
Patches
Flask-AppBuilder 4.6.2 introduced the FAB_SAFE_REDIRECT_HOSTS configuration variable, which allows administrators to explicitly define which domains are considered safe for redirection.
Examples:
FAB_SAFE_REDIRECT_HOSTS = ["yourdomain.com", "sub.yourdomain.com", "*.yourcompany.com"]
Workarounds
Use a Reverse Proxy to Enforce Trusted Host Headers
References
Are there any links users can visit to find out more?
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "flask-appbuilder"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.6.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-32962"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-05-16T17:28:25Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-16T14:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nFlask-AppBuilder prior to 4.6.2 would allow for a malicious unauthenticated actor to perform an open redirect by manipulating the Host header in HTTP requests.\n \n### Patches\nFlask-AppBuilder 4.6.2 introduced the `FAB_SAFE_REDIRECT_HOSTS` configuration variable, which allows administrators to explicitly define which domains are considered safe for redirection.\n\nExamples:\n```\nFAB_SAFE_REDIRECT_HOSTS = [\"yourdomain.com\", \"sub.yourdomain.com\", \"*.yourcompany.com\"]\n```\n\n### Workarounds\nUse a Reverse Proxy to Enforce Trusted Host Headers\n\n### References\n_Are there any links users can visit to find out more?_",
"id": "GHSA-99pm-ch96-ccp2",
"modified": "2025-05-16T17:28:25Z",
"published": "2025-05-16T17:28:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dpgaspar/Flask-AppBuilder/security/advisories/GHSA-99pm-ch96-ccp2"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32962"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dpgaspar/Flask-AppBuilder/commit/32eedbbb5cb483a3e782c5f2732de4a6a650d9b6"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/dpgaspar/Flask-AppBuilder"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Flask-AppBuilder open redirect vulnerability using HTTP host injection"
}
GHSA-9C3V-684M-579C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 22:09 – Updated: 2026-07-01 22:09Summary
MCP SSE redirects could forward Authorization headers. In affected versions, a lower-trust caller or configured input path could execute or persist actions beyond the caller's intended authorization.
This advisory is scoped to the named feature and configuration. It does not change OpenClaw's trusted-operator model: authenticated Gateway operators, installed plugins, and intentional local execution surfaces remain trusted unless a separate policy, approval, allowlist, sandbox, or auth boundary is crossed.
Impact
When the affected feature is enabled and reachable, this could execute or persist actions beyond the caller's intended authorization. Practical impact depends on the operator's configuration and whether lower-trust input can reach that path.
Patched Versions
The first stable patched version is 2026.6.5.
Mitigations
Upgrade to a patched OpenClaw release when one is listed. Before upgrading, restrict the affected feature to trusted operators or disable it when it is not needed. As general hardening, keep channel and tool allowlists narrow, avoid sharing one Gateway between mutually untrusted users, and disable the affected feature when it is not needed.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.6.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-522",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-01T22:09:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nMCP SSE redirects could forward Authorization headers. In affected versions, a lower-trust caller or configured input path could execute or persist actions beyond the caller\u0027s intended authorization.\n\nThis advisory is scoped to the named feature and configuration. It does not change OpenClaw\u0027s trusted-operator model: authenticated Gateway operators, installed plugins, and intentional local execution surfaces remain trusted unless a separate policy, approval, allowlist, sandbox, or auth boundary is crossed.\n\n### Impact\n\nWhen the affected feature is enabled and reachable, this could execute or persist actions beyond the caller\u0027s intended authorization. Practical impact depends on the operator\u0027s configuration and whether lower-trust input can reach that path.\n\n### Patched Versions\n\nThe first stable patched version is `2026.6.5`.\n\n### Mitigations\n\nUpgrade to a patched OpenClaw release when one is listed. Before upgrading, restrict the affected feature to trusted operators or disable it when it is not needed. As general hardening, keep channel and tool allowlists narrow, avoid sharing one Gateway between mutually untrusted users, and disable the affected feature when it is not needed.",
"id": "GHSA-9c3v-684m-579c",
"modified": "2026-07-01T22:09:28Z",
"published": "2026-07-01T22:09:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-9c3v-684m-579c"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw MCP SSE redirects could forward Authorization headers"
}
GHSA-9CRG-5W6X-58M3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-07 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in PluginOps Landing Page Builder – Lead Page – Optin Page – Squeeze Page – WordPress Landing Pages.This issue affects Landing Page Builder – Lead Page – Optin Page – Squeeze Page – WordPress Landing Pages: from n/a through 1.5.1.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-48325"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-07T12:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in PluginOps Landing Page Builder \u2013 Lead Page \u2013 Optin Page \u2013 Squeeze Page \u2013 WordPress Landing Pages.This issue affects Landing Page Builder \u2013 Lead Page \u2013 Optin Page \u2013 Squeeze Page \u2013 WordPress Landing Pages: from n/a through 1.5.1.5.",
"id": "GHSA-9crg-5w6x-58m3",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:33:18Z",
"published": "2023-12-07T12:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48325"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/page-builder-add/wordpress-landing-page-builder-plugin-1-5-1-5-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9F26-H7X7-2MC5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-13 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-13 18:31A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Catalyst Center Virtual Appliance could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page.
This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of HTTP request parameters. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by intercepting and modifying an HTTP request from a user. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect the user to a malicious web page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-20355"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-13T17:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Catalyst Center Virtual Appliance could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page.\n\nThis vulnerability is due to improper input validation of HTTP request parameters. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by intercepting and modifying an HTTP request from a user. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect the user to a malicious web page.",
"id": "GHSA-9f26-h7x7-2mc5",
"modified": "2025-11-13T18:31:05Z",
"published": "2025-11-13T18:31:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20355"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-catc-open-redirect-3W5Bk3Je"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.