CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2336 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-7555-8M6J-6Q57
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 22:28 – Updated: 2022-05-24 22:28Multiple functions of NHIServiSignAdapter failed to verify the users’ file path, which leads to the SMB request being redirected to a malicious host, resulting in the leakage of user's credential.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-25845"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-31T08:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple functions of NHIServiSignAdapter failed to verify the users\u2019 file path, which leads to the SMB request being redirected to a malicious host, resulting in the leakage of user\u0027s credential.",
"id": "GHSA-7555-8m6j-6q57",
"modified": "2022-05-24T22:28:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T22:28:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25845"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-4273-24e01-1.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-757W-WPHR-P72R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 04:00 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:49URL redirection vulnerability in SAP's Startup Service, SAP KERNEL 32 NUC, SAP KERNEL 32 Unicode, SAP KERNEL 64 NUC, SAP KERNEL 64 Unicode 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22 and 7.22EXT; SAP KERNEL 7.21, 7.22, 7.45, 7.49 and 7.52, that allows an attacker to redirect users to a malicious site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-16679"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-12-12T14:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL redirection vulnerability in SAP\u0027s Startup Service, SAP KERNEL 32 NUC, SAP KERNEL 32 Unicode, SAP KERNEL 64 NUC, SAP KERNEL 64 Unicode 7.21, 7.21EXT, 7.22 and 7.22EXT; SAP KERNEL 7.21, 7.22, 7.45, 7.49 and 7.52, that allows an attacker to redirect users to a malicious site.",
"id": "GHSA-757w-wphr-p72r",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:49:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T04:00:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-16679"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blogs.sap.com/2017/12/12/sap-security-patch-day-december-2017"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2520995"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102157"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-75H7-3FW5-HQHR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-18 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:14URL redirection in Login page in HCL BigFix WebUI allows malicious user to redirect the client browser to an external site via redirect URL response header.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28020"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-18T19:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\u00a0URL redirection in Login page in HCL BigFix WebUI allows malicious user to redirect the client browser to an external site via redirect URL response header.\n",
"id": "GHSA-75h7-3fw5-hqhr",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:14:24Z",
"published": "2023-07-18T21:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28020"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcltechsw.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0106123"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-75P7-527P-W8WP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-09 15:17 – Updated: 2022-03-09 20:13Impact
On releases prior to 3.0.3, an attacker could craft a special HTML page to trigger either an open redirect attack or a Server-Side Request Forgery attack (depending on how AllTube is configured).
The impact is mitigated by the fact the SSRF attack is only possible when the stream option is enabled in the configuration. (This option is disabled by default.)
Patches
3.0.3 contains a fix for this vulnerability. (The 1.x and 2.x releases are not maintained anymore.)
The fix requires applying a patch to youtube-dl to disable its generic extractor. If you are using the version of youtube-dl bundled with 3.0.3, it is already patched. However, if you are using your own unpatched version of youtube-dl you might still be vulnerable.
References
- https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/8913f27716400dabf4906a5ad690a5238f73496a
- https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30691
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "rudloff/alltube"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-24739"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-918"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-09T15:17:31Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-08T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nOn releases prior to 3.0.3, an attacker could craft a special HTML page to trigger either an open redirect attack or a Server-Side Request Forgery attack (depending on how AllTube is configured).\n\nThe impact is mitigated by the fact the SSRF attack is only possible when the `stream` option is enabled in the configuration. (This option is disabled by default.)\n\n### Patches\n\n3.0.3 contains a fix for this vulnerability.\n(The 1.x and 2.x releases are not maintained anymore.)\n\nThe fix requires applying [a patch](https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/blob/3d092891044f2685ed66c73c870a021bee319c37/patches/youtube-dl-disable-generic.diff) to youtube-dl to disable its generic extractor. If you are using the version of youtube-dl bundled with 3.0.3, it is already patched.\nHowever, if you are using your own unpatched version of youtube-dl **you might still be vulnerable**.\n\n### References\n\n* https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/8913f27716400dabf4906a5ad690a5238f73496a\n* https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30691\n",
"id": "GHSA-75p7-527p-w8wp",
"modified": "2022-03-09T20:13:46Z",
"published": "2022-03-09T15:17:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/security/advisories/GHSA-75p7-527p-w8wp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24739"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30691"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/3a4f09dda0a466662a4e52cde674749e0c668e8d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/8913f27716400dabf4906a5ad690a5238f73496a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/commit/bc14b6e45c766c05757fb607ef8d444cbbfba71a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/rudloff/alltube/CVE-2022-24739.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/releases/tag/3.0.3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Server-Side Request Forgery and Open Redirect in AllTube Download"
}
GHSA-75PC-RGG3-8XW2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-15 21:30 – Updated: 2023-01-24 21:30** UNSUPPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED **** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in calesanz gibb-modul-151. This affects the function bearbeiten/login. The manipulation leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The name of the patch is 88a517dc19443081210c804b655e72770727540d. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218379. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-10052"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-15T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED **** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in calesanz gibb-modul-151. This affects the function bearbeiten/login. The manipulation leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The name of the patch is 88a517dc19443081210c804b655e72770727540d. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218379. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
"id": "GHSA-75pc-rgg3-8xw2",
"modified": "2023-01-24T21:30:32Z",
"published": "2023-01-15T21:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-10052"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/calesanz/gibb-modul-151/commit/88a517dc19443081210c804b655e72770727540d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.218379"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.218379"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-75R7-55MJ-8WJ3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-22 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-22 00:31Vulnerability in the WebCenter Content: Imaging product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.2.0.0. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise WebCenter Content: Imaging. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of WebCenter Content: Imaging. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.5 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-60467"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-21T22:17:49Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the WebCenter Content: Imaging product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.2.0.0. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise WebCenter Content: Imaging. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of WebCenter Content: Imaging. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.5 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-75r7-55mj-8wj3",
"modified": "2026-07-22T00:31:43Z",
"published": "2026-07-22T00:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-60467"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2026.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-75VQ-HJJF-CRHQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:53Adobe Experience Manager versions 6.5.16.0 (and earlier) is affected by a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability. A low-privilege authenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to redirect users to malicious websites. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-29307"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-15T19:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Adobe Experience Manager versions 6.5.16.0 (and earlier) is affected by a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability. A low-privilege authenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to redirect users to malicious websites. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction.",
"id": "GHSA-75vq-hjjf-crhq",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:53:02Z",
"published": "2023-06-15T21:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-29307"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experience-manager/apsb23-31.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-763J-Q7WV-VF3M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-06 05:46 – Updated: 2022-08-06 05:46Impact
The JSPUI controlled vocabulary servlet is vulnerable to an open redirect attack, where an attacker can craft a malicious URL that looks like a legitimate DSpace/repository URL. When that URL is clicked by the target, it redirects them to a site of the attacker's choice.
This vulnerability does NOT impact the XMLUI or 7.x.
Patches
DSpace 6.x: * Fixed in 6.x via commit: https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/f7758457b7ec3489d525e39aa753cc70809d9ad9 * 6.x patch file: https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/f7758457b7ec3489d525e39aa753cc70809d9ad9.patch (may be applied manually if an immediate upgrade to 6.4 or above is not possible)
DSpace 5.x: * Fixed in 5.x via commit: https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/5f72424a478f59061dcc516b866dcc687bc3f9de * 5.x patch file: https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/5f72424a478f59061dcc516b866dcc687bc3f9de.patch (may be applied manually if an immediate upgrade to 5.11 or 6,4 or above is not possible)
Apply the patch to your DSpace
If at all possible, we recommend upgrading your DSpace site based on the upgrade instructions. However, if you are unable to do so, you can manually apply the above patches as follows:
1. Download the appropriate patch file to the machine where DSpace is running
2. From the [dspace-src] folder, apply the patch, e.g. git apply [name-of-file].patch
3. Now, update your DSpace site (based loosely on the Upgrade instructions). This generally involves three steps:
1. Rebuild DSpace, e.g. mvn -U clean package (This will recompile all DSpace code)
2. Redeploy DSpace, e.g. ant update (This will copy all updated WARs / configs to your installation directory). Depending on your setup you also may need to copy the updated WARs over to your Tomcat webapps folder.
3. Restart Tomcat
References
Discovered and reported by Johannes Moritz of Ripstech.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Email us at security@dspace.org
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.dspace:dspace-jspui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.dspace:dspace-jspui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31193"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-08-06T05:46:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-01T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe JSPUI controlled vocabulary servlet is vulnerable to an open redirect attack, where an attacker can craft a malicious URL that looks like a legitimate DSpace/repository URL. When that URL is clicked by the target, it redirects them to a site of the attacker\u0027s choice.\n\n_This vulnerability does NOT impact the XMLUI or 7.x._\n\n### Patches\n_DSpace 6.x:_\n* Fixed in 6.x via commit: https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/f7758457b7ec3489d525e39aa753cc70809d9ad9\n* 6.x patch file: https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/f7758457b7ec3489d525e39aa753cc70809d9ad9.patch (may be applied manually if an immediate upgrade to 6.4 or above is not possible)\n\n_DSpace 5.x:_\n* Fixed in 5.x via commit: https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/5f72424a478f59061dcc516b866dcc687bc3f9de\n* 5.x patch file: https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/5f72424a478f59061dcc516b866dcc687bc3f9de.patch (may be applied manually if an immediate upgrade to 5.11 or 6,4 or above is not possible)\n\n#### Apply the patch to your DSpace\nIf at all possible, we recommend upgrading your DSpace site based on the upgrade instructions. However, if you are unable to do so, you can manually apply the above patches as follows:\n1. Download the appropriate patch file to the machine where DSpace is running\n2. From the `[dspace-src]` folder, apply the patch, e.g. `git apply [name-of-file].patch`\n3. Now, update your DSpace site (based loosely on the Upgrade instructions). This generally involves three steps:\n 1. Rebuild DSpace, e.g. `mvn -U clean package` (This will recompile all DSpace code)\n 2. Redeploy DSpace, e.g. `ant update` (This will copy all updated WARs / configs to your installation directory). Depending on your setup you also may need to copy the updated WARs over to your Tomcat webapps folder.\n 3. Restart Tomcat\n\n### References\nDiscovered and reported by Johannes Moritz of Ripstech.\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Email us at security@dspace.org",
"id": "GHSA-763j-q7wv-vf3m",
"modified": "2022-08-06T05:46:49Z",
"published": "2022-08-06T05:46:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/security/advisories/GHSA-763j-q7wv-vf3m"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/5f72424a478f59061dcc516b866dcc687bc3f9de"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace/commit/f7758457b7ec3489d525e39aa753cc70809d9ad9"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/DSpace/DSpace"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "JSPUI\u0027s controlled vocabulary feature vulnerable to Open Redirect before v6.4 and v5.11"
}
GHSA-7677-V8CP-HPXG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:18 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:18views/auth.go in Orange Forum 1.4.0 allows Open Redirection via the next parameter to /login or /signup.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-14474"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-20T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "views/auth.go in Orange Forum 1.4.0 allows Open Redirection via the next parameter to /login or /signup.",
"id": "GHSA-7677-v8cp-hpxg",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:18:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:18:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14474"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/s-gv/orangeforum/commit/1f6313cb3a1e755880fc1354f3e1efc4dd2dd4aa"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7699-WPX7-684C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-07 09:30 – Updated: 2024-11-07 09:30HCL BigFix Compliance is affected by unvalidated redirects and forwards. The HOST header can be manipulated by an attacker and as a result, it can poison the web cache and provide back to users being served the page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-30140"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-07T09:15:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "HCL BigFix Compliance is affected by unvalidated redirects and forwards. The HOST header can be manipulated by an attacker and as a result, it can poison the web cache and provide back to users being served the page.",
"id": "GHSA-7699-wpx7-684c",
"modified": "2024-11-07T09:30:42Z",
"published": "2024-11-07T09:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-30140"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcl-software.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0117197"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.