CWE-494
AllowedDownload of Code Without Integrity Check
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product downloads source code or an executable from a remote location and executes the code without sufficiently verifying the origin and integrity of the code.
292 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-CQ4X-M5WJ-PJ37
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-14 06:30 – Updated: 2025-07-14 06:30The cross-browser document creation component developed by Digitware System Integration Corporation has a Remote Code Execution vulnerability. If a user visits a malicious website while the component is active, remote attackers can cause the system to download and execute arbitrary programs.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-7620"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-14T04:15:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The cross-browser document creation component developed by Digitware System Integration Corporation has a Remote Code Execution vulnerability. If a user visits a malicious website while the component is active, remote attackers can cause the system to download and execute arbitrary programs.",
"id": "GHSA-cq4x-m5wj-pj37",
"modified": "2025-07-14T06:30:30Z",
"published": "2025-07-14T06:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7620"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-10242-5ab42-2.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-10241-2ec07-1.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQ93-6J46-HPVH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-01 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-01 21:30An issue in Shirt Pocket SuperDuper! V.3.10 and before allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via the software update mechanism
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-61228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-01T16:15:55Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue in Shirt Pocket SuperDuper! V.3.10 and before allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via the software update mechanism",
"id": "GHSA-cq93-6j46-hpvh",
"modified": "2025-12-01T21:30:26Z",
"published": "2025-12-01T18:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-61228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://shirt-pocket.com/SuperDuper/SuperDuperDescription.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.shirtpocket.com/blog/index.php/shadedgrey/comments/superduper_security_update_v311"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://shirt.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQX4-H5PH-3XJ9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-03 03:30 – Updated: 2026-02-13 15:30Notepad++ versions prior to 8.8.9, when using the WinGUp updater, contain an update integrity verification vulnerability where downloaded update metadata and installers are not cryptographically verified. An attacker able to intercept or redirect update traffic can cause the updater to download and execute an attacker-controlled installer, resulting in arbitrary code execution with the privileges of the user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-15556"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T01:15:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Notepad++ versions prior to 8.8.9, when using the WinGUp updater, contain an update integrity verification vulnerability where downloaded update metadata and installers are not cryptographically verified. An attacker able to intercept or redirect update traffic can cause the updater to download and execute an attacker-controlled installer, resulting in arbitrary code execution with the privileges of the user.",
"id": "GHSA-cqx4-h5ph-3xj9",
"modified": "2026-02-13T15:30:23Z",
"published": "2026-02-03T03:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-15556"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/notepad-plus-plus/notepad-plus-plus/commit/bcf2aa68ef414338d717e20e059459570ed6c5ab"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/notepad-plus-plus/wingup/commit/ce0037549995ed0396cc363544d14b3425614fdb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.notepad-plus-plus.org/topic/27298/notepad-v8-8-9-vulnerability-fix"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://notepad-plus-plus.org//news//clarification-security-incident"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://notepad-plus-plus.org/news/hijacked-incident-info-update"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-15556"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/notepad-plus-plus-wingup-updater-lacks-update-integrity-verification"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CVPM-H3W4-GR4M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:35 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:35AppImage appimaged before 1.0.3 does not properly check whether a downloaded file is a valid appimage. For example, it will accept a crafted mp3 file that contains an appimage, and install it.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-25266"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-02T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "AppImage appimaged before 1.0.3 does not properly check whether a downloaded file is a valid appimage. For example, it will accept a crafted mp3 file that contains an appimage, and install it.",
"id": "GHSA-cvpm-h3w4-gr4m",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:35:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:35:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25266"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/refi64/CVE-2020-25265-25266"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-F2V4-C8R6-VFVJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-30 18:19 – Updated: 2024-02-03 03:30Pingtel xpressa SIP-based voice-over-IP phone 1.2.5 through 1.2.7.4 downloads phone applications from a web site but can not verify the integrity of the applications, which could allow remote attackers to install Trojan horse applications via DNS spoofing.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2002-0671"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2002-07-23T04:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Pingtel xpressa SIP-based voice-over-IP phone 1.2.5 through 1.2.7.4 downloads phone applications from a web site but can not verify the integrity of the applications, which could allow remote attackers to install Trojan horse applications via DNS spoofing.",
"id": "GHSA-f2v4-c8r6-vfvj",
"modified": "2024-02-03T03:30:26Z",
"published": "2022-04-30T18:19:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2002-0671"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.atstake.com/research/advisories/2002/a071202-1.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.iss.net/security_center/static/9566.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.pingtel.com/PingtelAtStakeAdvisoryResponse.jsp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/5224"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F58H-8G6H-HWCR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-05 12:30 – Updated: 2023-12-05 12:30A data integrity vulnerability exists in the BR_NO_CHECK_HASH_FOR functionality of Buildroot 2023.08.1 and dev commit 622698d7847. A specially crafted man-in-the-middle attack can lead to arbitrary command execution in the builder.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-43608"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-05T12:15:42Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A data integrity vulnerability exists in the BR_NO_CHECK_HASH_FOR functionality of Buildroot 2023.08.1 and dev commit 622698d7847. A specially crafted man-in-the-middle attack can lead to arbitrary command execution in the builder.",
"id": "GHSA-f58h-8g6h-hwcr",
"modified": "2023-12-05T12:30:45Z",
"published": "2023-12-05T12:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-43608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2023-1845"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2023-1845"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/12/11/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F73Q-5QF2-Q8R4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-02 09:30 – Updated: 2026-03-02 09:30IDExpert Windows Logon Agent developed by Changing has a Remote Code Execution vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated remote attackers to force the system to download arbitrary executable files from a remote source and execute them.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2999"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-02T07:16:22Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "IDExpert Windows Logon Agent developed by Changing has a Remote Code Execution vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated remote attackers to force the system to download arbitrary executable files from a remote source and execute them.",
"id": "GHSA-f73q-5qf2-q8r4",
"modified": "2026-03-02T09:30:30Z",
"published": "2026-03-02T09:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2999"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.changingtec.com/news_detail.jsp?item_id=348"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-10741-daed4-2.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-10740-b2eb2-1.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F98H-M8P3-7JP3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-14 15:30 – Updated: 2023-12-14 15:30Download of Code Without Integrity Check vulnerability in PHOENIX CONTACT MULTIPROG, PHOENIX CONTACT ProConOS eCLR (SDK) allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to download and execute applications without integrity checks on the device which may result in a complete loss of integrity.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5592"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-14T14:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Download of Code Without Integrity Check vulnerability in PHOENIX CONTACT MULTIPROG, PHOENIX CONTACT ProConOS eCLR (SDK) allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to download and execute applications without integrity checks on the device which may result in a complete loss of integrity.",
"id": "GHSA-f98h-m8p3-7jp3",
"modified": "2023-12-14T15:30:22Z",
"published": "2023-12-14T15:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.vde.com/en/advisories/VDE-2023-054"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-FC88-98GM-V572
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-13 06:31 – Updated: 2025-02-13 06:31CWE-494: Download of Code Without Integrity Check vulnerability exists that could render the device inoperable when malicious firmware is downloaded.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1058"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-13T06:15:21Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "CWE-494: Download of Code Without Integrity Check vulnerability exists that could render the device\ninoperable when malicious firmware is downloaded.",
"id": "GHSA-fc88-98gm-v572",
"modified": "2025-02-13T06:31:43Z",
"published": "2025-02-13T06:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1058"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_Doc_Ref=sevd-2025-042-01\u0026p_enDocType=Security+and+Safety+Notice\u0026p_File_Name=SEVD-2025-042-01.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-FG2Q-V428-2GPH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:44 – Updated: 2022-11-22 19:37Eclipse Vorto versions prior to 0.11 resolved Maven build artifacts for the Xtext project over HTTP instead of HTTPS. Any of these dependent artifacts could have been maliciously compromised by a MITM attack. Hence produced build artifacts of Vorto might be infected.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.eclipse.vorto:org.eclipse.vorto.core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.11.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10248"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-494",
"CWE-669",
"CWE-829"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-22T19:37:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-22T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Eclipse Vorto versions prior to 0.11 resolved Maven build artifacts for the Xtext project over HTTP instead of HTTPS. Any of these dependent artifacts could have been maliciously compromised by a MITM attack. Hence produced build artifacts of Vorto might be infected.",
"id": "GHSA-fg2q-v428-2gph",
"modified": "2022-11-22T19:37:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:44:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10248"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=546622"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse/vorto"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Eclipse Vorto resolved Maven build artifacts for the Xtext project over HTTP instead of HTTPS"
}
Mitigation MIT-42
Perform proper forward and reverse DNS lookups to detect DNS spoofing.
Mitigation
- Encrypt the code with a reliable encryption scheme before transmitting.
- This will only be a partial solution, since it will not detect DNS spoofing and it will not prevent your code from being modified on the hosting site.
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Speficially, it may be helpful to use tools or frameworks to perform integrity checking on the transmitted code.
- When providing the code that is to be downloaded, such as for automatic updates of the software, then use cryptographic signatures for the code and modify the download clients to verify the signatures. Ensure that the implementation does not contain CWE-295, CWE-320, CWE-347, and related weaknesses.
- Use code signing technologies such as Authenticode. See references [REF-454] [REF-455] [REF-456].
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-184: Software Integrity Attack
An attacker initiates a series of events designed to cause a user, program, server, or device to perform actions which undermine the integrity of software code, device data structures, or device firmware, achieving the modification of the target's integrity to achieve an insecure state.
CAPEC-185: Malicious Software Download
An attacker uses deceptive methods to cause a user or an automated process to download and install dangerous code that originates from an attacker controlled source. There are several variations to this strategy of attack.
CAPEC-186: Malicious Software Update
An adversary uses deceptive methods to cause a user or an automated process to download and install dangerous code believed to be a valid update that originates from an adversary controlled source.
CAPEC-187: Malicious Automated Software Update via Redirection
An attacker exploits two layers of weaknesses in server or client software for automated update mechanisms to undermine the integrity of the target code-base. The first weakness involves a failure to properly authenticate a server as a source of update or patch content. This type of weakness typically results from authentication mechanisms which can be defeated, allowing a hostile server to satisfy the criteria that establish a trust relationship. The second weakness is a systemic failure to validate the identity and integrity of code downloaded from a remote location, hence the inability to distinguish malicious code from a legitimate update.
CAPEC-533: Malicious Manual Software Update
An attacker introduces malicious code to the victim's system by altering the payload of a software update, allowing for additional compromise or site disruption at the victim location. These manual, or user-assisted attacks, vary from requiring the user to download and run an executable, to as streamlined as tricking the user to click a URL. Attacks which aim at penetrating a specific network infrastructure often rely upon secondary attack methods to achieve the desired impact. Spamming, for example, is a common method employed as an secondary attack vector. Thus the attacker has in their arsenal a choice of initial attack vectors ranging from traditional SMTP/POP/IMAP spamming and its varieties, to web-application mechanisms which commonly implement both chat and rich HTML messaging within the user interface.
CAPEC-538: Open-Source Library Manipulation
Adversaries implant malicious code in open source software (OSS) libraries to have it widely distributed, as OSS is commonly downloaded by developers and other users to incorporate into software development projects. The adversary can have a particular system in mind to target, or the implantation can be the first stage of follow-on attacks on many systems.
CAPEC-657: Malicious Automated Software Update via Spoofing
An attackers uses identify or content spoofing to trick a client into performing an automated software update from a malicious source. A malicious automated software update that leverages spoofing can include content or identity spoofing as well as protocol spoofing. Content or identity spoofing attacks can trigger updates in software by embedding scripted mechanisms within a malicious web page, which masquerades as a legitimate update source. Scripting mechanisms communicate with software components and trigger updates from locations specified by the attackers' server. The result is the client believing there is a legitimate software update available but instead downloading a malicious update from the attacker.
CAPEC-662: Adversary in the Browser (AiTB)
An adversary exploits security vulnerabilities or inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to manipulate traffic between two endpoints.
CAPEC-691: Spoof Open-Source Software Metadata
An adversary spoofs open-source software metadata in an attempt to masquerade malicious software as popular, maintained, and trusted.
CAPEC-692: Spoof Version Control System Commit Metadata
An adversary spoofs metadata pertaining to a Version Control System (VCS) (e.g., Git) repository's commits to deceive users into believing that the maliciously provided software is frequently maintained and originates from a trusted source.
CAPEC-693: StarJacking
An adversary spoofs software popularity metadata to deceive users into believing that a maliciously provided package is widely used and originates from a trusted source.
CAPEC-695: Repo Jacking
An adversary takes advantage of the redirect property of directly linked Version Control System (VCS) repositories to trick users into incorporating malicious code into their applications.