Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-494

Allowed

Download of Code Without Integrity Check

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product downloads source code or an executable from a remote location and executes the code without sufficiently verifying the origin and integrity of the code.

292 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-5J7P-WP6W-M577

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-07 15:32 – Updated: 2025-08-07 15:32
VLAI
Details

Download of code without integrity check vulnerability in AirPrint functionality in Synology Router Manager (SRM) before 1.2.5-8227-11 and 1.3.1-9346-8 allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-39348"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-28T07:15:06Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Download of code without integrity check vulnerability in AirPrint functionality in Synology Router Manager (SRM) before 1.2.5-8227-11 and 1.3.1-9346-8 allows man-in-the-middle attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors.",
  "id": "GHSA-5j7p-wp6w-m577",
  "modified": "2025-08-07T15:32:22Z",
  "published": "2025-08-07T15:32:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39348"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.synology.com/en-global/security/advisory/Synology_SA_23_16"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5V8R-9WMJ-294X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-04 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-04 18:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the Dynamic Vectoring and Streaming (DVS) Engine implementation of Cisco AsyncOS Software for Cisco Secure Web Appliance could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass the anti-malware scanner, allowing malicious archive files to be downloaded.

This vulnerability is due to improper handling of certain archive files. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted archive file, which should be blocked, through an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to bypass the anti-malware scanner and download malware onto an end user workstation. The downloaded malware will not automatically execute unless the end user extracts and launches the malicious file. 

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-20056"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-04T17:16:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the Dynamic Vectoring and Streaming (DVS) Engine implementation of Cisco AsyncOS Software for Cisco Secure Web Appliance could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass the anti-malware scanner, allowing malicious archive files to be downloaded.\n\nThis vulnerability is due to improper handling of certain archive files. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted archive file, which should be blocked, through an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to bypass the anti-malware scanner and download malware onto an end user workstation. The downloaded malware will not automatically execute unless the end user extracts and launches the malicious file.\u0026nbsp;",
  "id": "GHSA-5v8r-9wmj-294x",
  "modified": "2026-02-04T18:30:42Z",
  "published": "2026-02-04T18:30:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20056"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-wsa-archive-bypass-Scx2e8zF"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5XHH-3GJF-PF84

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-07 00:00 – Updated: 2026-07-05 00:31
VLAI
Details

Caphyon Ltd Advanced Installer 19.2 was discovered to contain a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability via the Update Check function.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-27438"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-06-06T23:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Caphyon Ltd Advanced Installer 19.2 was discovered to contain a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability via the Update Check function.",
  "id": "GHSA-5xhh-3gjf-pf84",
  "modified": "2026-07-05T00:31:31Z",
  "published": "2022-06-07T00:00:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27438"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gerr.re/posts/cve-2022-27438"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.advancedinstaller.com/security-updates-auto-updater.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://advanced.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://caphyon.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-658G-P7JG-WX5G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-02 18:34 – Updated: 2026-04-06 23:41
VLAI
Summary
Axios npm Supply Chain Incident Impacting @usebruno/cli
Details

Impact

This is a supply chain attack involving compromised versions of the axios npm package, which introduced a hidden dependency deploying a cross-platform Remote Access Trojan (RAT).

Users of @usebruno/cli who ran npm install between 00:21 UTC and ~03:30 UTC on March 31, 2026 may have been impacted.

Potential impact includes:

  • Execution of a malicious postinstall script
  • Remote Access Trojan (RAT) installation
  • Exfiltration of credentials and sensitive data

Not impacted:

  • Bruno desktop app users
  • Users who installed outside the attack window

Patches

The compromised axios versions (1.14.1, 0.30.4) have been removed from npm, and new installations will now resolve to safe versions.

Additionally, Bruno has taken further hardening steps:

Recommendation

If users installed @usebruno/cli during the affected window: 1. Reinstall dependencies 2. Rotate all credentials and secrets:

For additional guidance on securing your system, refer to this article: https://www.aikido.dev/blog/axios-npm-compromised-maintainer-hijacked-rat

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 3.2.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@usebruno/cli"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.2.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-34841"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1395",
      "CWE-494",
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-02T18:34:04Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-06T17:17:10Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### **Impact**\n\nThis is a **supply chain attack** involving compromised versions of the `axios` npm package, which introduced a hidden dependency deploying a cross-platform Remote Access Trojan (RAT).\n\nUsers of **@usebruno/cli** who ran `npm install` between **00:21 UTC and ~03:30 UTC on March 31, 2026** may have been impacted.\n\nPotential impact includes:\n\n* Execution of a malicious `postinstall` script\n* Remote Access Trojan (RAT) installation\n* Exfiltration of credentials and sensitive data\n\n**Not impacted:**\n\n* Bruno desktop app users\n* Users who installed outside the attack window\n\n\n### **Patches**\n\nThe compromised `axios` versions (`1.14.1`, `0.30.4`) have been **removed from npm**, and new installations will now resolve to safe versions.\n\nAdditionally, Bruno has taken further hardening steps:\n\n* Pinned `axios` to a known safe version to prevent accidental resolution to malicious releases\n* Fix implemented in: [https://github.com/usebruno/bruno/pull/7632](https://github.com/usebruno/bruno/pull/7632)\n\n\n### **Recommendation**\n\nIf users installed **@usebruno/cli** during the affected window:\n1. Reinstall dependencies\n2. Rotate all credentials and secrets:\n\nFor additional guidance on securing your system, refer to this article:\nhttps://www.aikido.dev/blog/axios-npm-compromised-maintainer-hijacked-rat",
  "id": "GHSA-658g-p7jg-wx5g",
  "modified": "2026-04-06T23:41:01Z",
  "published": "2026-04-02T18:34:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/usebruno/bruno/security/advisories/GHSA-658g-p7jg-wx5g"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34841"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/issues/10604"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/usebruno/bruno/pull/7632"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-fw8c-xr5c-95f9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/usebruno/bruno"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.aikido.dev/blog/axios-npm-compromised-maintainer-hijacked-rat"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Axios npm Supply Chain Incident Impacting @usebruno/cli"
}

GHSA-6662-6W2G-G564

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-20 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-17 15:32
VLAI
Details

An exploitable firmware modification vulnerability was discovered on the Netgear WNR2000v1 router. An attacker can conduct a MITM (Man-in-the-Middle) attack to modify the user-uploaded firmware image and bypass the CRC check, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a Denial of Service (DoS). This affects v1.2.3.7 and earlier.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-46423"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-12-20T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An exploitable firmware modification vulnerability was discovered on the Netgear WNR2000v1 router. An attacker can conduct a MITM (Man-in-the-Middle) attack to modify the user-uploaded firmware image and bypass the CRC check, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a Denial of Service (DoS). This affects v1.2.3.7 and earlier.",
  "id": "GHSA-6662-6w2g-g564",
  "modified": "2025-04-17T15:32:31Z",
  "published": "2022-12-20T21:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-46423"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackmd.io/%40slASVrz_SrW7NQCsunofeA/BktKl8ZDo"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackmd.io/@slASVrz_SrW7NQCsunofeA/BktKl8ZDo"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.netgear.com/about/security"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-678V-QCHW-37JR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-19 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-28 00:00
VLAI
Details

The Zoom Client for Meetings for Windows before version 5.10.0 and Zoom Rooms for Conference Room for Windows before version 5.10.0, fails to properly check the installation version during the update process. This issue could be used in a more sophisticated attack to trick a user into downgrading their Zoom client to a less secure version.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-22786"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-05-18T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Zoom Client for Meetings for Windows before version 5.10.0 and Zoom Rooms for Conference Room for Windows before version 5.10.0, fails to properly check the installation version during the update process. This issue could be used in a more sophisticated attack to trick a user into downgrading their Zoom client to a less secure version.",
  "id": "GHSA-678v-qchw-37jr",
  "modified": "2022-05-28T00:00:26Z",
  "published": "2022-05-19T00:00:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-22786"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://explore.zoom.us/en/trust/security/security-bulletin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-67GM-Q459-3C6J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-08 09:30 – Updated: 2025-12-08 09:30
VLAI
Details

Denial of service (DoS) vulnerability in the office service. Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may affect availability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-66331"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-08T09:15:47Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Denial of service (DoS) vulnerability in the office service. Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may affect availability.",
  "id": "GHSA-67gm-q459-3c6j",
  "modified": "2025-12-08T09:30:19Z",
  "published": "2025-12-08T09:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66331"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2025/12"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-689V-W733-WRV5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-05 12:30 – Updated: 2023-12-05 12:30
VLAI
Details

Multiple data integrity vulnerabilities exist in the package hash checking functionality of Buildroot 2023.08.1 and Buildroot dev commit 622698d7847. A specially crafted man-in-the-middle attack can lead to arbitrary command execution in the builder.This vulnerability is related to the aufs package.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-45838"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-05T12:15:43Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Multiple data integrity vulnerabilities exist in the package hash checking functionality of Buildroot 2023.08.1 and Buildroot dev commit 622698d7847. A specially crafted man-in-the-middle attack can lead to arbitrary command execution in the builder.This vulnerability is related to the `aufs` package.",
  "id": "GHSA-689v-w733-wrv5",
  "modified": "2023-12-05T12:30:45Z",
  "published": "2023-12-05T12:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-45838"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2023-1844"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2023-1844"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/12/11/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-689X-PHC2-9P4M

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-05 00:00 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32
VLAI
Details

A download of code without integrity check vulnerability in the "execute restore src-vis" command of FortiOS before 7.0.3 may allow a local authenticated attacker to download arbitrary files on the device via specially crafted update packages.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-44168"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-01-04T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A download of code without integrity check vulnerability in the \"execute restore src-vis\" command of FortiOS before 7.0.3 may allow a local authenticated attacker to download arbitrary files on the device via specially crafted update packages.",
  "id": "GHSA-689x-phc2-9p4m",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:27Z",
  "published": "2022-01-05T00:00:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-44168"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-201"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-44168"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6954-GGJW-F22G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-16 21:31 – Updated: 2025-10-16 21:31
VLAI
Details

The ConnectWise Automate Agent does not fully verify the authenticity of files downloaded from the server, such as updates, dependencies, and integrations. This creates a risk where an on-path attacker could perform a man-in-the-middle attack and substitute malicious files for legitimate ones by impersonating a legitimate server. This risk is mitigated when HTTPS is enforced and is related to CVE-2025-11492.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-11493"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-494"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-16T19:15:32Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The ConnectWise Automate Agent does not fully verify the authenticity of files downloaded from the server, such as updates, dependencies, and integrations. This creates a risk where an on-path attacker could perform a man-in-the-middle attack and substitute malicious files for legitimate ones by impersonating a legitimate server. This risk is mitigated when HTTPS is enforced and is related to CVE-2025-11492.",
  "id": "GHSA-6954-ggjw-f22g",
  "modified": "2025-10-16T21:31:15Z",
  "published": "2025-10-16T21:31:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11493"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.connectwise.com/company/trust/security-bulletins/connectwise-automate-2025.9-security-fix"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-42
Implementation

Perform proper forward and reverse DNS lookups to detect DNS spoofing.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Operation
  • Encrypt the code with a reliable encryption scheme before transmitting.
  • This will only be a partial solution, since it will not detect DNS spoofing and it will not prevent your code from being modified on the hosting site.
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • Speficially, it may be helpful to use tools or frameworks to perform integrity checking on the transmitted code.
  • When providing the code that is to be downloaded, such as for automatic updates of the software, then use cryptographic signatures for the code and modify the download clients to verify the signatures. Ensure that the implementation does not contain CWE-295, CWE-320, CWE-347, and related weaknesses.
  • Use code signing technologies such as Authenticode. See references [REF-454] [REF-455] [REF-456].
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-184: Software Integrity Attack

An attacker initiates a series of events designed to cause a user, program, server, or device to perform actions which undermine the integrity of software code, device data structures, or device firmware, achieving the modification of the target's integrity to achieve an insecure state.

CAPEC-185: Malicious Software Download

An attacker uses deceptive methods to cause a user or an automated process to download and install dangerous code that originates from an attacker controlled source. There are several variations to this strategy of attack.

CAPEC-186: Malicious Software Update

An adversary uses deceptive methods to cause a user or an automated process to download and install dangerous code believed to be a valid update that originates from an adversary controlled source.

CAPEC-187: Malicious Automated Software Update via Redirection

An attacker exploits two layers of weaknesses in server or client software for automated update mechanisms to undermine the integrity of the target code-base. The first weakness involves a failure to properly authenticate a server as a source of update or patch content. This type of weakness typically results from authentication mechanisms which can be defeated, allowing a hostile server to satisfy the criteria that establish a trust relationship. The second weakness is a systemic failure to validate the identity and integrity of code downloaded from a remote location, hence the inability to distinguish malicious code from a legitimate update.

CAPEC-533: Malicious Manual Software Update

An attacker introduces malicious code to the victim's system by altering the payload of a software update, allowing for additional compromise or site disruption at the victim location. These manual, or user-assisted attacks, vary from requiring the user to download and run an executable, to as streamlined as tricking the user to click a URL. Attacks which aim at penetrating a specific network infrastructure often rely upon secondary attack methods to achieve the desired impact. Spamming, for example, is a common method employed as an secondary attack vector. Thus the attacker has in their arsenal a choice of initial attack vectors ranging from traditional SMTP/POP/IMAP spamming and its varieties, to web-application mechanisms which commonly implement both chat and rich HTML messaging within the user interface.

CAPEC-538: Open-Source Library Manipulation

Adversaries implant malicious code in open source software (OSS) libraries to have it widely distributed, as OSS is commonly downloaded by developers and other users to incorporate into software development projects. The adversary can have a particular system in mind to target, or the implantation can be the first stage of follow-on attacks on many systems.

CAPEC-657: Malicious Automated Software Update via Spoofing

An attackers uses identify or content spoofing to trick a client into performing an automated software update from a malicious source. A malicious automated software update that leverages spoofing can include content or identity spoofing as well as protocol spoofing. Content or identity spoofing attacks can trigger updates in software by embedding scripted mechanisms within a malicious web page, which masquerades as a legitimate update source. Scripting mechanisms communicate with software components and trigger updates from locations specified by the attackers' server. The result is the client believing there is a legitimate software update available but instead downloading a malicious update from the attacker.

CAPEC-662: Adversary in the Browser (AiTB)

An adversary exploits security vulnerabilities or inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to manipulate traffic between two endpoints.

CAPEC-691: Spoof Open-Source Software Metadata

An adversary spoofs open-source software metadata in an attempt to masquerade malicious software as popular, maintained, and trusted.

CAPEC-692: Spoof Version Control System Commit Metadata

An adversary spoofs metadata pertaining to a Version Control System (VCS) (e.g., Git) repository's commits to deceive users into believing that the maliciously provided software is frequently maintained and originates from a trusted source.

CAPEC-693: StarJacking

An adversary spoofs software popularity metadata to deceive users into believing that a maliciously provided package is widely used and originates from a trusted source.

CAPEC-695: Repo Jacking

An adversary takes advantage of the redirect property of directly linked Version Control System (VCS) repositories to trick users into incorporating malicious code into their applications.