Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-471

Allowed

Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID)

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not properly protect an assumed-immutable element from being modified by an attacker.

69 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2018-3721 (GCVE-0-2018-3721)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-06-07 02:00 – Updated: 2024-09-16 22:34
VLAI
Summary
lodash node module before 4.17.5 suffers from a Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID) vulnerability via defaultsDeep, merge, and mergeWith functions, which allows a malicious user to modify the prototype of "Object" via __proto__, causing the addition or modification of an existing property that will exist on all objects.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-471 - Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID) (CWE-471)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
HackerOne lodash node module Affected: Versions before 4.17.5
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2018-04-26 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2018-3720 (GCVE-0-2018-3720)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-06-07 02:00 – Updated: 2024-09-16 22:56
VLAI
Summary
assign-deep node module before 0.4.7 suffers from a Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID) vulnerability, which allows a malicious user to modify the prototype of "Object" via __proto__, causing the addition or modification of an existing property that will exist on all objects.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-471 - Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID) (CWE-471)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
HackerOne assign-deep node module Affected: Versions before 0.4.7
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2018-04-26 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2018-3719 (GCVE-0-2018-3719)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-06-07 02:00 – Updated: 2024-09-17 04:19
VLAI
Summary
mixin-deep node module before 1.3.1 suffers from a Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID) vulnerability, which allows a malicious user to modify the prototype of "Object" via __proto__, causing the addition or modification of an existing property that will exist on all objects.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-471 - Modification of Assumed-Immutable Data (MAID) (CWE-471)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
HackerOne mixin-deep node module Affected: Versions before 1.3.1
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2018-04-26 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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GHSA-3MPR-HQ3P-49H9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-07-26 15:10 – Updated: 2023-03-01 01:32
VLAI
Summary
Prototype Pollution in mixin-deep
Details

Versions of mixin-deep before 1.3.1 are vulnerable to prototype pollution via merging functions.

Recommendation

Update to version 1.3.1 or later.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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}

GHSA-3Q24-WF35-56H6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-23 18:31 – Updated: 2025-01-23 18:31
VLAI
Details

IBM Security Verify Bridge 1.0.0 through 1.0.15 could allow a local privileged user to overwrite files due to excessive privileges granted to the agent. which could also cause a denial of service.

Severity
6.0 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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  },
  "details": "IBM Security Verify Bridge 1.0.0 through 1.0.15 could allow a local privileged user to overwrite files due to excessive privileges granted to the agent. which could also cause a denial of service.",
  "id": "GHSA-3q24-wf35-56h6",
  "modified": "2025-01-23T18:31:20Z",
  "published": "2025-01-23T18:31:20Z",
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      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7181370"
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    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3WC3-W43J-X6WH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-22 18:31 – Updated: 2025-05-22 18:31
VLAI
Details

IBM Aspera Faspex 5.0.0 through 5.0.12 could allow an authenticated user to obtain sensitive information or perform unauthorized actions on behalf of another user due to improper protection of assumed immutable data.

Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-33136"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7234114"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3XQ3-MVF9-543X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:14 – Updated: 2025-04-23 21:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in SINEMA Remote Connect Server (All versions < V3.0 SP2). The status provided by the syslog clients managed by the affected software can be manipulated by an unauthenticated attacker in the same network of the affected system.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-37177"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-471"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-09-14T11:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SINEMA Remote Connect Server (All versions \u003c V3.0 SP2). The status provided by the syslog clients managed by the affected software can be manipulated by an unauthenticated attacker in the same network of the affected system.",
  "id": "GHSA-3xq3-mvf9-543x",
  "modified": "2025-04-23T21:30:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:14:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37177"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-334944.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-4P64-V8F5-R2GX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-14 20:05 – Updated: 2026-04-14 20:05
VLAI
Summary
Multiple security fixes in justhtml
Details

Summary

justhtml 1.16.0 fixes multiple security issues in sanitization, serialization, and programmatic DOM handling.

Most of these issues affected one of these advanced paths rather than ordinary parsed HTML with the default safe settings:

  • programmatic DOM input to sanitize() or sanitize_dom()
  • reused or mutated sanitization policy objects
  • custom policies that preserve foreign namespaces such as SVG or MathML

Affected versions

  • justhtml <= 1.15.0

Fixed version

  • justhtml 1.16.0 released on April 12, 2026

Impact

Policy reuse and mutation

Nested mutation of sanitization policy internals could weaken later sanitization by leaving stale compiled sanitizers active, or by mutating exported default policy internals process-wide.

In-memory sanitization gaps

Programmatic DOM sanitization could miss dangerous mixed-case tag names such as ScRiPt or StYlE, and custom drop_content_tags values such as {"SCRIPT"} could silently fail to drop dangerous subtrees.

Serialization injection

Crafted programmatic doctype names could serialize into active markup before the document body.

Foreign-namespace policy bypasses

Custom policies that preserve SVG or MathML could allow active SVG features to survive sanitization, including:

  • animation elements such as <set> and <animate> that mutate already-sanitized attributes after sanitization
  • presentation attributes such as fill, clip-path, mask, marker-start, and cursor containing external url(...) references
  • programmatic DOM trees that claim namespace="html" but serialize as <svg> or <math>, bypassing foreign-content checks

Rawtext hardening gap

Mixed-case programmatic style or script nodes could bypass rawtext hardening and preserve active stylesheet content such as remote @import rules.

Default configuration

Most of these issues did not affect the normal JustHTML(..., sanitize=True) path for ordinary parsed HTML.

The main exceptions were policy-mutation issues, which could weaken later sanitization if code mutated nested state on reused policy objects or exported defaults.

Recommended action

Upgrade to justhtml 1.16.0.

If you cannot upgrade immediately:

  • do not mutate DEFAULT_POLICY, DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_POLICY, or nested policy internals
  • avoid reusing policy objects after mutating nested state
  • avoid preserving SVG or MathML for untrusted input
  • avoid preserving style or script in custom policies for untrusted input
  • avoid serializing untrusted programmatic doctypes or DOM trees

Credit

Discovered during an internal security review of justhtml.

Severity
1.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:U
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.15.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "justhtml"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.16.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-178",
      "CWE-436",
      "CWE-471",
      "CWE-79"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-14T20:05:10Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\n`justhtml` `1.16.0` fixes multiple security issues in sanitization, serialization, and programmatic DOM handling.\n\nMost of these issues affected one of these advanced paths rather than ordinary parsed HTML with the default safe settings:\n\n- programmatic DOM input to `sanitize()` or `sanitize_dom()`\n- reused or mutated sanitization policy objects\n- custom policies that preserve foreign namespaces such as SVG or MathML\n\n## Affected versions\n\n- `justhtml` `\u003c= 1.15.0`\n\n## Fixed version\n\n- `justhtml` `1.16.0` released on April 12, 2026\n\n## Impact\n\n### Policy reuse and mutation\nNested mutation of sanitization policy internals could weaken later sanitization by leaving stale compiled sanitizers active, or by mutating exported default policy internals process-wide.\n\n### In-memory sanitization gaps\nProgrammatic DOM sanitization could miss dangerous mixed-case tag names such as `ScRiPt` or `StYlE`, and custom `drop_content_tags` values such as `{\"SCRIPT\"}` could silently fail to drop dangerous subtrees.\n\n### Serialization injection\nCrafted programmatic doctype names could serialize into active markup before the document body.\n\n### Foreign-namespace policy bypasses\nCustom policies that preserve SVG or MathML could allow active SVG features to survive sanitization, including:\n\n- animation elements such as `\u003cset\u003e` and `\u003canimate\u003e` that mutate already-sanitized attributes after sanitization\n- presentation attributes such as `fill`, `clip-path`, `mask`, `marker-start`, and `cursor` containing external `url(...)` references\n- programmatic DOM trees that claim `namespace=\"html\"` but serialize as `\u003csvg\u003e` or `\u003cmath\u003e`, bypassing foreign-content checks\n\n### Rawtext hardening gap\nMixed-case programmatic `style` or `script` nodes could bypass rawtext hardening and preserve active stylesheet content such as remote `@import` rules.\n\n## Default configuration\n\nMost of these issues did **not** affect the normal `JustHTML(..., sanitize=True)` path for ordinary parsed HTML.\n\nThe main exceptions were policy-mutation issues, which could weaken later sanitization if code mutated nested state on reused policy objects or exported defaults.\n\n## Recommended action\n\nUpgrade to `justhtml` `1.16.0`.\n\nIf you cannot upgrade immediately:\n\n- do not mutate `DEFAULT_POLICY`, `DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_POLICY`, or nested policy internals\n- avoid reusing policy objects after mutating nested state\n- avoid preserving SVG or MathML for untrusted input\n- avoid preserving `style` or `script` in custom policies for untrusted input\n- avoid serializing untrusted programmatic doctypes or DOM trees\n\n## Credit\n\nDiscovered during an internal security review of `justhtml`.",
  "id": "GHSA-4p64-v8f5-r2gx",
  "modified": "2026-04-14T20:05:10Z",
  "published": "2026-04-14T20:05:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/EmilStenstrom/justhtml/security/advisories/GHSA-4p64-v8f5-r2gx"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/EmilStenstrom/justhtml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Multiple security fixes in justhtml"
}

GHSA-4V2W-H9JM-MQJG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-11-27 16:07 – Updated: 2021-01-07 22:40
VLAI
Summary
Prototype Pollution in systeminformation
Details

Impact

command injection vulnerability by prototype pollution

Patches

Problem was fixed with a rewrite of shell sanitations to avoid prototyper pollution problems. Please upgrade to version >= 4.30.2

Workarounds

If you cannot upgrade, be sure to check or sanitize service parameter strings that are passed to si.inetChecksite()

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:

Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "systeminformation"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.30.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-26245"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-471",
      "CWE-78"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-11-27T15:56:36Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\ncommand injection vulnerability by prototype pollution\n\n### Patches\nProblem was fixed with a rewrite of shell sanitations to avoid prototyper pollution problems. Please upgrade to version \u003e= 4.30.2\n\n### Workarounds\nIf you cannot upgrade, be sure to check or sanitize service parameter strings that are passed to si.inetChecksite()\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\n* Open an issue in [systeminformation](https://github.com/sebhildebrandt/systeminformation/issues/new?template=bug_report.md)",
  "id": "GHSA-4v2w-h9jm-mqjg",
  "modified": "2021-01-07T22:40:03Z",
  "published": "2020-11-27T16:07:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sebhildebrandt/systeminformation/security/advisories/GHSA-4v2w-h9jm-mqjg"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-26245"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sebhildebrandt/systeminformation/commit/8113ff0e87b2f422a5756c48f1057575e73af016"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Prototype Pollution in systeminformation"
}

GHSA-6853-5V4J-V7VG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:14 – Updated: 2025-04-23 21:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in SINEMA Remote Connect Server (All versions < V3.0 SP2). An unauthenticated attacker in the same network of the affected system could manipulate certain parameters and set a valid user of the affected software as invalid (or vice-versa).

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-37193"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-471"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-09-14T11:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SINEMA Remote Connect Server (All versions \u003c V3.0 SP2). An unauthenticated attacker in the same network of the affected system could manipulate certain parameters and set a valid user of the affected software as invalid (or vice-versa).",
  "id": "GHSA-6853-5v4j-v7vg",
  "modified": "2025-04-23T21:30:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:14:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37193"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-334944.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design Operation Implementation

When the data is stored or transmitted through untrusted sources that could modify the data, implement integrity checks to detect unauthorized modification, or store/transmit the data in a trusted location that is free from external influence.

CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.

CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation

An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.

CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.

CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content

An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.

CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.

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