CWE-434
AllowedUnrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.
6008 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-CPPG-GV65-39FX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 21:15 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:49A user could use the “Upload Resource” functionality to upload files to any location on the disk.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-27881"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-07T22:15:09Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "\n\n\nA user could use the \u201cUpload Resource\u201d functionality to upload files to any location on the disk.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-cppg-gv65-39fx",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:49:16Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T21:15:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27881"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-131-13"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-131-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CPQ3-M99Q-VXFP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-18 12:30 – Updated: 2023-03-24 21:30A vulnerability was found in xzjie cms up to 1.0.3 and classified as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /api/upload. The manipulation of the argument uploadFile leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-223367.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-1484"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-18T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in xzjie cms up to 1.0.3 and classified as critical. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /api/upload. The manipulation of the argument uploadFile leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be initiated remotely. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-223367.",
"id": "GHSA-cpq3-m99q-vxfp",
"modified": "2023-03-24T21:30:55Z",
"published": "2023-03-18T12:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitee.com/xzjie/cms/issues/I6INIT"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.223367"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.223367"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CPR3-4F88-Q3JQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-27 21:32 – Updated: 2025-02-28 18:31An issue in the CGI endpoint used to upload configurations in Draytek devices Vigor 165/166 prior to v4.2.6 , Vigor 2620/LTE200 prior to v3.9.8.8, Vigor 2860/2925 prior to v3.9.7, Vigor 2862/2926 prior to v3.9.9.4, Vigor 2133/2762/2832 prior to v3.9.8, Vigor 2135/2765/2766 prior to v4.4.5.1, Vigor 2865/2866/2927 prior to v4.4.5.3, Vigor 2962/3910 prior to v4.3.2.7, Vigor 3912 prior to v4.3.5.2, and Vigor 2925 up to v3.9.6 allows attackers to upload a crafted kernel module, allowing for arbitrary code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-41339"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-27T21:15:36Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue in the CGI endpoint used to upload configurations in Draytek devices Vigor 165/166 prior to v4.2.6 , Vigor 2620/LTE200 prior to v3.9.8.8, Vigor 2860/2925 prior to v3.9.7, Vigor 2862/2926 prior to v3.9.9.4, Vigor 2133/2762/2832 prior to v3.9.8, Vigor 2135/2765/2766 prior to v4.4.5.1, Vigor 2865/2866/2927 prior to v4.4.5.3, Vigor 2962/3910 prior to v4.3.2.7, Vigor 3912 prior to v4.3.5.2, and Vigor 2925 up to v3.9.6 allows attackers to upload a crafted kernel module, allowing for arbitrary code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-cpr3-4f88-q3jq",
"modified": "2025-02-28T18:31:01Z",
"published": "2025-02-27T21:32:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41339"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/faraday/advisory-multiple-vulnerabilities-affecting-draytek-routers-78a6cb8b3946"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://draytek.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CPVH-46GG-825P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-16 09:33 – Updated: 2024-08-01 21:31** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in D-Link DAR-7000-40 V31R02B1413C. This affects an unknown part of the file /url/url.php. The manipulation of the argument file_upload leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-264531. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed immediately that the product is end-of-life. It should be retired and replaced.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-4963"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-16T07:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in D-Link DAR-7000-40 V31R02B1413C. This affects an unknown part of the file /url/url.php. The manipulation of the argument file_upload leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-264531. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed immediately that the product is end-of-life. It should be retired and replaced.",
"id": "GHSA-cpvh-46gg-825p",
"modified": "2024-08-01T21:31:40Z",
"published": "2024-05-16T09:33:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4963"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/h0e4a0r1t/h0e4a0r1t.github.io/blob/master/2024/%3CWHB%7Cj%5CIbSU0m4%3A_/D-LINK-DAR-7000_upload_%20url.php.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/security/publication.aspx?name=SAP10354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.264531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.264531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.333781"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CPXQ-28RP-G9W7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-07 19:00 – Updated: 2022-11-08 19:00The d8s-networking for python, as distributed on PyPI, included a potential code-execution backdoor inserted by a third party. A potential code execution backdoor inserted by third parties is the democritus-json package. The affected version of d8s-htm is 0.1.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-44050"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-07T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The d8s-networking for python, as distributed on PyPI, included a potential code-execution backdoor inserted by a third party. A potential code execution backdoor inserted by third parties is the democritus-json package. The affected version of d8s-htm is 0.1.0.",
"id": "GHSA-cpxq-28rp-g9w7",
"modified": "2022-11-08T19:00:22Z",
"published": "2022-11-07T19:00:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44050"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dadadadada111/info/issues/14"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pypi.org/project/d8s-networking"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pypi.org/project/democritus-json"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQ3J-JR55-F9FQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2022-06-29 00:00admin/file.do in ObjectPlanet Opinio before 7.15 allows Unrestricted File Upload of executable JSP files, resulting in remote code execution, because filePath can have directory traversal and fileContent can be valid JSP code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-26806"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-31T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "admin/file.do in ObjectPlanet Opinio before 7.15 allows Unrestricted File Upload of executable JSP files, resulting in remote code execution, because filePath can have directory traversal and fileContent can be valid JSP code.",
"id": "GHSA-cq3j-jr55-f9fq",
"modified": "2022-06-29T00:00:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:09:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-26806"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/163709/ObjectPlanet-Opinio-7.13-Shell-Upload.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.objectplanet.com/opinio/changelog.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQ3M-CCP4-JCCG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-12 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-16 00:00The Free Booking Plugin for Hotels, Restaurant and Car Rental WordPress plugin before 1.1.16 suffers from insufficient input validation which leads to arbitrary file upload and subsequently to remote code execution. An AJAX action accessible to unauthenticated users is affected by this issue. An allowlist of valid file extensions is defined but is not used during the validation steps.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-1952"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-11T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Free Booking Plugin for Hotels, Restaurant and Car Rental WordPress plugin before 1.1.16 suffers from insufficient input validation which leads to arbitrary file upload and subsequently to remote code execution. An AJAX action accessible to unauthenticated users is affected by this issue. An allowlist of valid file extensions is defined but is not used during the validation steps.",
"id": "GHSA-cq3m-ccp4-jccg",
"modified": "2022-07-16T00:00:21Z",
"published": "2022-07-12T00:00:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/ecf61d17-8b07-4cb6-93a8-64c2c4fbbe04"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQ4G-QJ9M-V2R8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-03 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 08:14An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the component /content/templates/ of Emlog Pro v2.2.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted PHP file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-44973"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-03T21:15:10Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the component /content/templates/ of Emlog Pro v2.2.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted PHP file.",
"id": "GHSA-cq4g-qj9m-v2r8",
"modified": "2024-04-04T08:14:09Z",
"published": "2023-10-03T21:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-44973"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yangliukk/emlog/blob/main/Template-getshell.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQ5Q-X34F-P7M4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-10 18:31 – Updated: 2024-04-09 09:31A vulnerability has been found in Beijing Baichuo Smart S45F Multi-Service Secure Gateway Intelligent Management Platform up to 20230928 and classified as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /useratte/web.php. The manipulation of the argument file_upload leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-241645 was assigned to this vulnerability. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5493"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-10T16:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Beijing Baichuo Smart S45F Multi-Service Secure Gateway Intelligent Management Platform up to 20230928 and classified as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /useratte/web.php. The manipulation of the argument file_upload leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-241645 was assigned to this vulnerability. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-cq5q-x34f-p7m4",
"modified": "2024-04-09T09:31:08Z",
"published": "2023-10-10T18:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5493"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/llixixi/cve/blob/main/s45_upload_web.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.241645"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.241645"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.213951"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQ95-5R52-WXW4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-19 18:31The Checkout Field Manager (Checkout Manager) for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthenticated limited file upload in all versions up to, and including, 7.8.1. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform file upload actions via the "ajax_checkout_attachment_upload" function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload files to the server, though file types are limited to WordPress's default allowed MIME types (images, documents, etc.).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12500"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T07:17:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Checkout Field Manager (Checkout Manager) for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthenticated limited file upload in all versions up to, and including, 7.8.1. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying that a user is authorized to perform file upload actions via the \"ajax_checkout_attachment_upload\" function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to upload files to the server, though file types are limited to WordPress\u0027s default allowed MIME types (images, documents, etc.).",
"id": "GHSA-cq95-5r52-wxw4",
"modified": "2026-02-19T18:31:49Z",
"published": "2026-02-19T18:31:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12500"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-checkout-manager/tags/7.8.0/lib/class-upload.php#L143"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-checkout-manager/tags/7.8.0/lib/class-upload.php#L19"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-checkout-manager/tags/7.8.0/lib/class-upload.php#L30"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3404371%40woocommerce-checkout-manager\u0026new=3404371%40woocommerce-checkout-manager\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/e807480b-00c9-4340-bd05-b695b56e27ec?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-21
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation
Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation
When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.