CWE-434
AllowedUnrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.
6009 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-9QQH-QFGF-MQ39
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-15 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-15 18:30FNT Command 13.4.0 is vulnerable to Code Execution via the C Base Module.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-44598"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-15T16:15:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "FNT Command 13.4.0 is vulnerable to Code Execution via the C Base Module.",
"id": "GHSA-9qqh-qfgf-mq39",
"modified": "2025-12-15T18:30:39Z",
"published": "2025-12-15T18:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-44598"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/ZeroBreach-GmbH/e957dc32e72b366894565b7ff03659a4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://fnt.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9QXF-HPH3-RMGG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-15 09:30 – Updated: 2023-12-15 09:30The E2Pdf plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to insufficient file type validation on the 'import_action' function in versions up to, and including, 1.20.25. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with a role that the administrator previously granted access to the plugin, to upload arbitrary files on the affected site's server which may make remote code execution possible.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-6826"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-15T08:15:46Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The E2Pdf plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary file uploads due to insufficient file type validation on the \u0027import_action\u0027 function in versions up to, and including, 1.20.25. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with a role that the administrator previously granted access to the plugin, to upload arbitrary files on the affected site\u0027s server which may make remote code execution possible.",
"id": "GHSA-9qxf-hph3-rmgg",
"modified": "2023-12-15T09:30:17Z",
"published": "2023-12-15T09:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6826"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/e2pdf/trunk/classes/controller/e2pdf-templates.php?rev=2993824#L1488"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/e2pdf/trunk/classes/controller/e2pdf-templates.php?rev=2993824#L753"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3009695/e2pdf#file0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/03faec37-2cce-4e14-92f2-d941ab1b4ce9?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9QXQ-QF63-J62V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-06 06:32 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:31A security flaw has been discovered in Tipray 厦门天锐科技股份有限公司 Data Leakage Prevention System 天锐数据泄露防护系统 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file uploadWxFile.do. The manipulation of the argument File results in unrestricted upload. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been released to the public and may be exploited. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11318"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-06T04:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A security flaw has been discovered in Tipray \u53a6\u95e8\u5929\u9510\u79d1\u6280\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8 Data Leakage Prevention System \u5929\u9510\u6570\u636e\u6cc4\u9732\u9632\u62a4\u7cfb\u7edf 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file uploadWxFile.do. The manipulation of the argument File results in unrestricted upload. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been released to the public and may be exploited. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-9qxq-qf63-j62v",
"modified": "2025-11-03T18:31:45Z",
"published": "2025-10-06T06:32:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11318"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FightingLzn9/vul/blob/main/%E5%A4%A9%E9%94%90%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%B3%84%E9%9C%B2%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F-10.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327199"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.327199"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.663517"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-9R23-XJJV-GR5J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-02 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-06 00:00Authenticated (author or higher user role) Arbitrary File Upload vulnerability in ideasToCode Enable SVG, WebP & ICO Upload plugin <= 1.0.1 at WordPress.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-34154"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-01T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Authenticated (author or higher user role) Arbitrary File Upload vulnerability in ideasToCode Enable SVG, WebP \u0026 ICO Upload plugin \u003c= 1.0.1 at WordPress.",
"id": "GHSA-9r23-xjjv-gr5j",
"modified": "2022-08-06T00:00:47Z",
"published": "2022-08-02T00:00:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-34154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/enable-svg-webp-ico-upload/wordpress-enable-svg-webp-ico-upload-plugin-1-0-1-authenticated-arbitrary-file-upload-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/enable-svg-webp-ico-upload/#developers"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9R2J-RG24-FVPJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:12 – Updated: 2024-04-23 22:39FrozenNode Laravel-Administrator through 5.0.12 allows unrestricted file upload (and consequently Remote Code Execution) via admin/tips_image/image/file_upload image upload with PHP content within a GIF image that has the .php extension. NOTE: this product is discontinued.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "frozennode/administrator"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "5.0.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10963"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-23T22:39:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-03-25T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "FrozenNode Laravel-Administrator through 5.0.12 allows unrestricted file upload (and consequently Remote Code Execution) via `admin/tips_image/image/file_upload` image upload with PHP content within a GIF image that has the `.php` extension. NOTE: this product is discontinued.",
"id": "GHSA-9r2j-rg24-fvpj",
"modified": "2024-04-23T22:39:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:12:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10963"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://xavibel.com/2020/03/23/unrestricted-file-upload-in-frozennode-laravel-administrator"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/160243/Laravel-Administrator-4-File-Upload.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "FrozenNode Laravel-Administrator unrestricted file upload"
}
GHSA-9R35-52QR-P89P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-27 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:11Trend Micro Mobile Security (Enterprise) 9.8 SP5 contains widget vulnerabilities that could allow a remote attacker to create arbitrary files on affected installations.
Please note: an attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.
This is similar to, but not identical to CVE-2023-32525.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32526"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-26T22:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Trend Micro Mobile Security (Enterprise) 9.8 SP5 contains widget vulnerabilities that could allow a remote attacker to create arbitrary files on affected installations. \n\nPlease note: an attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThis is similar to, but not identical to CVE-2023-32525.",
"id": "GHSA-9r35-52qr-p89p",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:11:08Z",
"published": "2023-06-27T00:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32526"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://success.trendmicro.com/dcx/s/solution/000293106?language=en_US"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-586"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9R5M-WW6M-RGW3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-09 06:30 – Updated: 2024-07-09 06:30Due to missing verification of file type or content, SAP Enable Now allows an authenticated attacker to upload arbitrary files. These files include executables which might be downloaded and executed by the user which could host malware. On successful exploitation an attacker can cause limited impact on confidentiality and Integrity of the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-34692"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T05:15:11Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Due to missing verification of file type or\ncontent, SAP Enable Now allows an authenticated attacker to upload arbitrary\nfiles. These files include executables which might be downloaded and executed\nby the user which could host malware. On successful exploitation an attacker\ncan cause limited impact on confidentiality and Integrity of the application.",
"id": "GHSA-9r5m-ww6m-rgw3",
"modified": "2024-07-09T06:30:40Z",
"published": "2024-07-09T06:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34692"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3476340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9R83-HW4R-28H3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 06:30 – Updated: 2025-03-31 06:30A vulnerability was found in WCMS 11. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /index.php?articleadmin/upload/?&CKEditor=container&CKEditorFuncNum=1 of the component Article Publishing Page. The manipulation of the argument Upload leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-2978"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T06:15:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in WCMS 11. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /index.php?articleadmin/upload/?\u0026CKEditor=container\u0026CKEditorFuncNum=1 of the component Article Publishing Page. The manipulation of the argument Upload leads to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-9r83-hw4r-28h3",
"modified": "2025-03-31T06:30:28Z",
"published": "2025-03-31T06:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2978"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/caigo8/CVE-md/blob/main/wcms11/%E4%BB%BB%E6%84%8F%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0RCE.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.302030"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.302030"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.523093"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-9R8P-CX2C-XVCW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-14 00:31 – Updated: 2024-01-14 00:31A vulnerability was found in ZhongFuCheng3y Austin 1.0 and classified as critical. This issue affects the function getFile of the file com/java3y/austin/web/controller/MaterialController.java of the component Upload Material Menu. The manipulation leads to unrestricted upload. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-250619.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0505"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-13T22:15:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in ZhongFuCheng3y Austin 1.0 and classified as critical. This issue affects the function getFile of the file com/java3y/austin/web/controller/MaterialController.java of the component Upload Material Menu. The manipulation leads to unrestricted upload. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-250619.",
"id": "GHSA-9r8p-cx2c-xvcw",
"modified": "2024-01-14T00:31:34Z",
"published": "2024-01-14T00:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0505"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/biantaibao/Austin-CMS-report/blob/main/File%20Upload%20Vulnerabilities.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.250619"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.250619"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9RC6-45FQ-M9FF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-23 18:30 – Updated: 2024-03-26 09:32A vulnerability classified as critical was found in SourceCodester Simple File Manager 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code. The manipulation of the argument photo leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. VDB-257770 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-2849"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-23T18:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical was found in SourceCodester Simple File Manager 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code. The manipulation of the argument photo leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. VDB-257770 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-9rc6-45fq-m9ff",
"modified": "2024-03-26T09:32:57Z",
"published": "2024-03-23T18:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2849"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/CveSecLook/cve/issues/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.257770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.257770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.303123"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-21
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation
Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation
When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.