Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-434

Allowed

Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.

6009 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-928H-V43X-JJQ6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-14 18:30 – Updated: 2024-05-14 18:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in RUGGEDCOM CROSSBOW (All versions < V5.5). The bulk import feature of the affected systems allow a privileged user to upload files to the root installation directory of the system. By replacing specific files, an attacker could tamper specific files or even achieve remote code execution.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-27945"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434",
      "CWE-73"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T16:16:32Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in RUGGEDCOM CROSSBOW (All versions \u003c V5.5). The bulk import feature of the affected systems allow a privileged user to upload files to the root installation directory of the system. By replacing specific files, an attacker could tamper specific files or even achieve remote code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-928h-v43x-jjq6",
  "modified": "2024-05-14T18:30:59Z",
  "published": "2024-05-14T18:30:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-27945"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-916916.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-928R-FM4V-MVRW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-05 00:12 – Updated: 2026-03-09 15:46
VLAI
Summary
TechDocs Mkdocs Configuration Key Enables Arbitrary Code Execution
Details

Impact

This is a configuration bypass vulnerability that enables arbitrary code execution. The @backstage/plugin-techdocs-node package uses an allowlist to filter dangerous MkDocs configuration keys during the documentation build process.

A gap in this allowlist allows attackers to craft an mkdocs.yml that causes arbitrary Python code execution, completely bypassing TechDocs' security controls.

Patches

Patched in @backstage/plugin-techdocs-node version 1.14.3

Workarounds

If users cannot upgrade immediately:

  1. Use Docker mode with restricted access: Configure TechDocs with runIn: docker instead of runIn: local. This provides container isolation, though it does not fully mitigate the risk.
  2. Restrict repository access: Limit who can modify mkdocs.yml files in repositories that TechDocs processes. Only allow trusted contributors.
  3. Manual review: Implement PR review requirements for changes to mkdocs.yml files to detect malicious hooks configurations before they are merged.
  4. Downgrade MkDocs: Use MkDocs < 1.4.0 (e.g., 1.3.1) which does not support hooks. Note: This may limit access to newer MkDocs features.

Note: Building documentation in CI/CD pipelines using @techdocs/cli does not mitigate this vulnerability, as the CLI uses the same vulnerable @backstage/plugin-techdocs-node package.

Resources

MkDocs Hooks Documentation MkDocs 1.4 Release Notes TechDocs Architecture

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.14.2"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@backstage/plugin-techdocs-node"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.14.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-29186"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434",
      "CWE-74"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-05T00:12:07Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-07T15:15:55Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nThis is a configuration bypass vulnerability that enables arbitrary code execution. The `@backstage/plugin-techdocs-node` package uses an allowlist to filter dangerous MkDocs configuration keys during the documentation build process. \n\nA gap in this allowlist allows attackers to craft an `mkdocs.yml` that causes arbitrary Python code execution, completely bypassing TechDocs\u0027 security controls.     \n\n### Patches\n\nPatched in `@backstage/plugin-techdocs-node` version 1.14.3\n\n### Workarounds\nIf users cannot upgrade immediately:\n\n1. Use Docker mode with restricted access: Configure TechDocs with `runIn: docker` instead of `runIn: local`. This provides container isolation, though it does not fully mitigate the risk.\n2. Restrict repository access: Limit who can modify `mkdocs.yml` files in repositories that TechDocs processes. Only allow trusted contributors.\n3. Manual review: Implement PR review requirements for changes to `mkdocs.yml` files to detect malicious hooks configurations before they are merged.\n4. Downgrade MkDocs: Use MkDocs \u003c 1.4.0 (e.g., 1.3.1) which does not support hooks. Note: This may limit access to newer MkDocs features.\n\nNote: Building documentation in CI/CD pipelines using `@techdocs/cli` does not mitigate this vulnerability, as the CLI uses the same vulnerable `@backstage/plugin-techdocs-node` package.\n\n### Resources\n[MkDocs Hooks Documentation](https://www.mkdocs.org/user-guide/configuration/#hooks)\n[MkDocs 1.4 Release Notes](https://www.mkdocs.org/about/release-notes/#version-14-2022-09-27)\n[TechDocs Architecture](https://backstage.io/docs/features/techdocs/architecture)",
  "id": "GHSA-928r-fm4v-mvrw",
  "modified": "2026-03-09T15:46:44Z",
  "published": "2026-03-05T00:12:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/security/advisories/GHSA-928r-fm4v-mvrw"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-29186"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://backstage.io/docs/features/techdocs/architecture"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mkdocs.org/about/release-notes/#version-14-2022-09-27"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mkdocs.org/user-guide/configuration/#hooks"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "TechDocs Mkdocs Configuration Key Enables Arbitrary Code Execution"
}

GHSA-92FF-VFMH-HX3R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-12 12:00 – Updated: 2022-10-13 12:00
VLAI
Details

The d8s-lists package for Python, as distributed on PyPI, included a potential code-execution backdoor inserted by a third party. The backdoor is the democritus-dicts package. The affected version is 0.1.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-42039"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-10-11T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The d8s-lists package for Python, as distributed on PyPI, included a potential code-execution backdoor inserted by a third party. The backdoor is the democritus-dicts package. The affected version is 0.1.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-92ff-vfmh-hx3r",
  "modified": "2022-10-13T12:00:27Z",
  "published": "2022-10-12T12:00:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-42039"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/democritus-project/d8s-lists/issues/18"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pypi.org/project/d8s-lists"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pypi.org/project/democritus-dicts"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-92HJ-GMM8-C8GC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:46 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:46
VLAI
Details

Composr 10.0.36 allows upload and execution of PHP files.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-30149"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-04-06T06:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Composr 10.0.36 allows upload and execution of PHP files.",
  "id": "GHSA-92hj-gmm8-c8gc",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:46:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:46:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-30149"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/composr-foundation/composr/commit/a71c44e03"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/162128/Composr-10.0.36-Shell-Upload.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-92JW-PG6R-6JPP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-27 18:30 – Updated: 2023-02-04 03:30
VLAI
Details

An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the plugin manager of LimeSurvey v5.4.15 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted PHP file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-48008"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-27T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the plugin manager of LimeSurvey v5.4.15 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted PHP file.",
  "id": "GHSA-92jw-pg6r-6jpp",
  "modified": "2023-02-04T03:30:26Z",
  "published": "2023-01-27T18:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-48008"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Sakura-501/LimeSurvey-5.4.15-PluginUploadtoRCE"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-92QM-237G-CRFP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-25 03:30 – Updated: 2023-09-25 03:30
VLAI
Details

** UNSUPPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** ** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability was found in D-Link DAR-7000 up to 20151231. It has been classified as critical. This affects an unknown part of the file /sysmanage/updateos.php. The manipulation of the argument 1_file_upload leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-240243. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed immediately that the product is end-of-life. It should be retired and replaced.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-5147"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-09-25T01:15:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "** UNSUPPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** ** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability was found in D-Link DAR-7000 up to 20151231. It has been classified as critical. This affects an unknown part of the file /sysmanage/updateos.php. The manipulation of the argument 1_file_upload leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-240243. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed immediately that the product is end-of-life. It should be retired and replaced.",
  "id": "GHSA-92qm-237g-crfp",
  "modified": "2023-09-25T03:30:43Z",
  "published": "2023-09-25T03:30:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5147"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/llixixi/cve/blob/main/D-LINK-DAR-7000_upload_%20updateos.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/announcement/publication.aspx?name=SAP10354"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.240243"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.240243"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-92QP-R64G-PMWQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-28 00:02 – Updated: 2022-02-03 00:00
VLAI
Details

Dolphinphp v1.5.0 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in /application/common.php#action_log

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-46097"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-01-27T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Dolphinphp v1.5.0 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in /application/common.php#action_log",
  "id": "GHSA-92qp-r64g-pmwq",
  "modified": "2022-02-03T00:00:35Z",
  "published": "2022-01-28T00:02:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-46097"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/w4nd3r-hya/784a86dda91bdcb3071892e56aacdee2"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-92R4-X32M-JJ5P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-15 21:31 – Updated: 2024-08-29 00:31
VLAI
Details

An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in dootask v0.30.13 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted PDF file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-34906"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434",
      "CWE-79"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-15T20:15:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in dootask v0.30.13 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted PDF file.",
  "id": "GHSA-92r4-x32m-jj5p",
  "modified": "2024-08-29T00:31:35Z",
  "published": "2024-05-15T21:31:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34906"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kuaifan/dootask/issues/210"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-92RG-995M-CMFX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-01 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:28
VLAI
Details

An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in Uvdesk 1.1.3 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted image file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-39147"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-08-01T18:15:10Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in Uvdesk 1.1.3 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted image file.",
  "id": "GHSA-92rg-995m-cmfx",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:28:49Z",
  "published": "2023-08-01T18:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39147"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uv9DjHmKuDxZIjNhWX05EsxHEp8fGalXB7XK-QSyr_0/edit?usp=sharing"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/173878/Uvdesk-1.1.3-Shell-Upload.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-92XG-872W-R5G2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-30 15:30 – Updated: 2023-11-30 15:30
VLAI
Details

An authenticated privileged attacker could upload a specially crafted zip to the EspoCRM server in version 7.2.5, via the update form, which could lead to arbitrary PHP code execution.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-5965"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-30T14:15:12Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An authenticated privileged attacker could upload a specially crafted zip to the EspoCRM server in version 7.2.5, via the update form, which could lead to arbitrary PHP code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-92xg-872w-r5g2",
  "modified": "2023-11-30T15:30:24Z",
  "published": "2023-11-30T15:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5965"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/multiple-vulnerabilities-espocrm"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]

Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.

Mitigation
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]

Mitigation
Implementation

When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.

Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation
Implementation

Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.

Mitigation
Implementation

Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs

In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.