Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-434

Allowed

Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.

6004 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-5RJ7-M957-87G6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:37 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:37
VLAI
Details

Jaws through 1.8.0 allows remote authenticated administrators to execute arbitrary code via crafted use of admin.php?reqGadget=Components&reqAction=InstallGadget&comp=FileBrowser and admin.php?reqGadget=FileBrowser&reqAction=Files to upload a .php file. NOTE: this is unrelated to the JAWS (aka Job Access With Speech) product.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-35656"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-12-23T03:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Jaws through 1.8.0 allows remote authenticated administrators to execute arbitrary code via crafted use of admin.php?reqGadget=Components\u0026reqAction=InstallGadget\u0026comp=FileBrowser and admin.php?reqGadget=FileBrowser\u0026reqAction=Files to upload a .php file. NOTE: this is unrelated to the JAWS (aka Job Access With Speech) product.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rj7-m957-87g6",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:37:09Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:37:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35656"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jaws-project/jaws"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/xNoBody12/Jaws-CMS-RCE"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5RJH-PHX5-W966

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:06 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:06
VLAI
Details

Remote Code Execution vulnerability in phplist 3.5.1. The application does not check any file extensions stored in the plugin zip file, Uploading a malicious plugin which contains the php files with extensions like PHP,phtml,php7 will be copied to the plugins directory which would lead to the remote code execution

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-22249"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-07-06T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Remote Code Execution vulnerability in phplist 3.5.1. The application does not check any file extensions stored in the plugin zip file, Uploading a malicious plugin which contains the php files with extensions like PHP,phtml,php7 will be copied to the plugins directory which would lead to the remote code execution",
  "id": "GHSA-5rjh-phx5-w966",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:06:56Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:06:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-22249"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://drive.google.com/open?id=1znDU4fDKA_seg16mJLLtgaaFfvmf-mS6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5RJR-J9M9-QPM9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-13 00:00 – Updated: 2024-09-07 15:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in SourceCodester Clinics Patient Management System 2.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file /pms/update_user.php?user_id=1. The manipulation of the argument profile_picture with the input leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-2297"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-07-12T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in SourceCodester Clinics Patient Management System 2.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file /pms/update_user.php?user_id=1. The manipulation of the argument profile_picture with the input \u003c?php phpinfo();?\u003e leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rjr-j9m9-qpm9",
  "modified": "2024-09-07T15:30:29Z",
  "published": "2022-07-13T00:00:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-2297"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CyberThoth/CVE/blob/8c6b66919be1bd66a54c16cc27cbdd9793221d3e/CVE/Clinic%27s%20Patient%20Management%20System/Unrestricted%20file%20upload%20%28RCE%29/POC.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CyberThoth/CVE/blob/8c6b66919be1bd66a54c16cc27cbdd9793221d3e/CVE/Clinic\u0027s%20Patient%20Management%20System/Unrestricted%20file%20upload%20(RCE)/POC.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.203178"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5RMG-2F4G-8WM7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-16 09:30 – Updated: 2024-10-16 09:30
VLAI
Details

The File Manager Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary backup file downloads and uploads due to missing file type validation via the 'mk_file_folder_manager_shortcode' ajax action in all versions up to, and including, 8.3.9. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers, if granted access to the File Manager by an administrator, to download and upload arbitrary backup files on the affected site's server which may make remote code execution possible.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-8746"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-16T07:15:16Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The File Manager Pro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary backup file downloads and uploads due to missing file type validation via the \u0027mk_file_folder_manager_shortcode\u0027 ajax action in all versions up to, and including, 8.3.9. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers, if granted access to the File Manager by an administrator, to download and upload arbitrary backup files on the affected site\u0027s server which may make remote code execution possible.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rmg-2f4g-8wm7",
  "modified": "2024-10-16T09:30:31Z",
  "published": "2024-10-16T09:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8746"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://filemanagerpro.io"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/88f1eb9a-f3bb-4b62-975f-a6cb95850966?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5RVJ-XJVP-FC93

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:50 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:50
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in LuLu CMS through 2015-05-14. backend\modules\filemanager\controllers\DefaultController.php allows arbitrary file upload by entering a filename, directory name, and PHP code into the three text input fields.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-18771"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-10-29T12:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in LuLu CMS through 2015-05-14. backend\\modules\\filemanager\\controllers\\DefaultController.php allows arbitrary file upload by entering a filename, directory name, and PHP code into the three text input fields.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rvj-xjvp-fc93",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T01:50:11Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T01:50:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-18771"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/yiifans/lulucms/issues/6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5RX3-9VW5-MXH9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-20 12:31 – Updated: 2025-08-20 12:31
VLAI
Details

A weakness has been identified in Emlog Pro up to 2.5.18. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /admin/media.php?action=upload&sid=0. Executing manipulation of the argument File can lead to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be exploited. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-9173"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-20T11:15:27Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A weakness has been identified in Emlog Pro up to 2.5.18. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /admin/media.php?action=upload\u0026sid=0. Executing manipulation of the argument File can lead to unrestricted upload. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be exploited. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rx3-9vw5-mxh9",
  "modified": "2025-08-20T12:31:15Z",
  "published": "2025-08-20T12:31:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9173"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/lan041221/cvec/issues/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.320765"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.320765"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.631098"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5RXG-W5RP-9MCR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-19 21:30 – Updated: 2023-03-23 15:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in RockOA 2.3.2. This affects the function runAction of the file acloudCosAction.php.SQL. The manipulation of the argument fileid leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-223401 was assigned to this vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-1501"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-19T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in RockOA 2.3.2. This affects the function runAction of the file acloudCosAction.php.SQL. The manipulation of the argument fileid leads to unrestricted upload. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-223401 was assigned to this vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rxg-w5rp-9mcr",
  "modified": "2023-03-23T15:30:29Z",
  "published": "2023-03-19T21:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1501"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitee.com/xieqiangweb/cve/blob/master/cve/Rockoa.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.223401"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.223401"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5V3P-PM54-6FXH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:49 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:49
VLAI
Details

PrestaShop 1.6.x before 1.6.1.23 and 1.7.x before 1.7.4.4 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a file upload.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-19126"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-11-09T11:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "PrestaShop 1.6.x before 1.6.1.23 and 1.7.x before 1.7.4.4 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a file upload.",
  "id": "GHSA-5v3p-pm54-6fxh",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T01:49:50Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T01:49:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-19126"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/PrestaShop/PrestaShop/pull/11285"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/PrestaShop/PrestaShop/pull/11286"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/45964"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://build.prestashop.com/news/prestashop-1-7-4-4-1-6-1-23-maintenance-releases"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5V97-P7P8-R448

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 15:35 – Updated: 2026-07-06 15:30
VLAI
Details

MCO does not correctly validate types of uploaded files. File upload validation functionality relies only on client-side checks, which can be bypassed. An authorized, low-privileged attacker can upload files with arbitrary types to the server.

Because vendor contact attempts were unsuccessful, the vulnerability has only been confirmed in version 25.3.3.1 but may also affect other versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-53909"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-01T13:17:46Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "MCO does not correctly validate types of uploaded files. File upload validation functionality relies only on client-side checks, which can be bypassed. An authorized, low-privileged attacker can upload files with arbitrary types to the server.\n\nBecause vendor contact attempts were unsuccessful, the vulnerability has only been confirmed in version 25.3.3.1\u00a0but may also affect other versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-5v97-p7p8-r448",
  "modified": "2026-07-06T15:30:45Z",
  "published": "2026-07-01T15:35:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-53909"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/07/CVE-2026-53902"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://mco.mycomplianceoffice.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5VG2-M4QF-M5P5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-14 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-23 00:00
VLAI
Details

This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Commvault CommCell 11.22.22. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed. The specific flaw exists within the DownloadCenterUploadHandler class. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can allow the upload of arbitrary files. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of NETWORK SERVICE. Was ZDI-CAN-13756.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-34995"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-01-13T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Commvault CommCell 11.22.22. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed. The specific flaw exists within the DownloadCenterUploadHandler class. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can allow the upload of arbitrary files. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of NETWORK SERVICE. Was ZDI-CAN-13756.",
  "id": "GHSA-5vg2-m4qf-m5p5",
  "modified": "2022-01-23T00:00:35Z",
  "published": "2022-01-14T00:00:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-34995"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-21-1330"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]

Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.

Mitigation
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]

Mitigation
Implementation

When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.

Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation
Implementation

Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.

Mitigation
Implementation

Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs

In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.