CWE-311
DiscouragedMissing Encryption of Sensitive Data
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not encrypt sensitive or critical information before storage or transmission.
779 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-2P69-GXPM-5469
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-07-31 22:34 – Updated: 2021-01-08 20:06Affected versions of alto-saxophone insecurely download an executable over an unencrypted HTTP connection.
In scenarios where an attacker has a privileged network position, it is possible to intercept the response and replace the executable with a malicious one, resulting in code execution on the system running alto-saxophone.
Recommendation
Update to version 2.25.1 or later.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "alto-saxophone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.25.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10694"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:52:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Affected versions of `alto-saxophone` insecurely download an executable over an unencrypted HTTP connection. \n\nIn scenarios where an attacker has a privileged network position, it is possible to intercept the response and replace the executable with a malicious one, resulting in code execution on the system running `alto-saxophone`.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpdate to version 2.25.1 or later.",
"id": "GHSA-2p69-gxpm-5469",
"modified": "2021-01-08T20:06:55Z",
"published": "2018-07-31T22:34:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10694"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2p69-gxpm-5469"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/172"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Downloads Resources over HTTP in alto-saxophone"
}
GHSA-2Q3R-568X-RQMV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:34 – Updated: 2022-05-25 00:00A cryptographic issue in Nextcloud Server 19.0.1 allowed an attacker to downgrade the encryption scheme and break the integrity of encrypted files.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-8150"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-09T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A cryptographic issue in Nextcloud Server 19.0.1 allowed an attacker to downgrade the encryption scheme and break the integrity of encrypted files.",
"id": "GHSA-2q3r-568x-rqmv",
"modified": "2022-05-25T00:00:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:34:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-8150"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/742588"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nextcloud.com/security/advisory/?id=NC-SA-2020-039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020/Dec/55"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020/Dec/57"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020/Dec/58"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2R5H-GH4X-8HP9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-02-18 23:40 – Updated: 2020-08-31 18:11Affected versions of igniteui download Javascript and CSS resources over an unencrypted HTTP connection. An attacker with a privileged network position can intercept and view or modify any content sent or recieved over an unencrypted HTTP connection.
Recommendation
The igniteui package has been deprecated by the package author and now exists under ignite-ui, which should be used in place of this package.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "igniteui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.0.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10552"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:52:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Affected versions of `igniteui` download Javascript and CSS resources over an unencrypted HTTP connection. An attacker with a privileged network position can intercept and view or modify any content sent or recieved over an unencrypted HTTP connection.\n\n\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nThe `igniteui` package has been deprecated by the package author and now exists under [`ignite-ui`](https://preview.npmjs.com/package/ignite-ui), which should be used in place of this package.",
"id": "GHSA-2r5h-gh4x-8hp9",
"modified": "2020-08-31T18:11:21Z",
"published": "2019-02-18T23:40:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10552"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2r5h-gh4x-8hp9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/116"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Resources Downloaded over Insecure Protocol in igniteui"
}
GHSA-2R9C-46V3-43FC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-08-17 20:28 – Updated: 2021-01-08 20:59Affected versions of haxe3 insecurely download an executable over an unencrypted HTTP connection.
In scenarios where an attacker has a privileged network position, it is possible to intercept the response and replace the executable with a malicious one, resulting in code execution on the system running haxe3.
Recommendation
No patch is currently available for this vulnerability. This vulnerability has been left unpatched for several years, despite active maintenance on the package. Because of this, it appears that the package author has accepted the risk, and is unlikely to patch this package in the future.
The best mitigation is currently to avoid using this package, using a different package if available.
Alternatively, the risk of exploitation can be reduced by ensuring that this package is not installed while connected to a public network. If the package is installed on a private network, the only people who can exploit this vulnerability are those who have compromised your network or those who have privileged access to your ISP, such as Nation State Actors or Rogue ISP Employees.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "haxe3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10688"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:52:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Affected versions of `haxe3` insecurely download an executable over an unencrypted HTTP connection. \n\nIn scenarios where an attacker has a privileged network position, it is possible to intercept the response and replace the executable with a malicious one, resulting in code execution on the system running `haxe3`.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nNo patch is currently available for this vulnerability. This vulnerability has been left unpatched for several years, despite active maintenance on the package. Because of this, it appears that the package author has accepted the risk, and is unlikely to patch this package in the future.\n\nThe best mitigation is currently to avoid using this package, using a different package if available. \n\nAlternatively, the risk of exploitation can be reduced by ensuring that this package is not installed while connected to a public network. If the package is installed on a private network, the only people who can exploit this vulnerability are those who have compromised your network or those who have privileged access to your ISP, such as Nation State Actors or Rogue ISP Employees.",
"id": "GHSA-2r9c-46v3-43fc",
"modified": "2021-01-08T20:59:00Z",
"published": "2018-08-17T20:28:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10688"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2r9c-46v3-43fc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/294"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Downloads Resources over HTTP in haxe3"
}
GHSA-2VMR-8C82-X8XQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-29 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-05 20:53Jenkins ByteGuard Build Actions Plugin 1.0 and earlier stores API tokens unencrypted in job config.xml files on the Jenkins controller as part of its configuration.
These tokens can be viewed by users with Item/Extended Read permission or access to the Jenkins controller file system.
Additionally, the job configuration form does not mask these credentials, increasing the potential for attackers to observe and capture them.
As of publication of this advisory, there is no fix.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.jenkins.plugins:byteguard-build-actions"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-64144"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-29T22:01:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-29T14:15:59Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins ByteGuard Build Actions Plugin 1.0 and earlier stores API tokens unencrypted in job `config.xml` files on the Jenkins controller as part of its configuration.\n\nThese tokens can be viewed by users with Item/Extended Read permission or access to the Jenkins controller file system.\n\nAdditionally, the job configuration form does not mask these credentials, increasing the potential for attackers to observe and capture them.\n\nAs of publication of this advisory, there is no fix.",
"id": "GHSA-2vmr-8c82-x8xq",
"modified": "2025-11-05T20:53:52Z",
"published": "2025-10-29T15:31:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64144"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/byteguard-build-actions-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2025-10-29/#SECURITY-3560"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/10/29/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins ByteGuard Build Actions Plugin stores API tokens unencrypted in job config.xml files"
}
GHSA-2VQV-HP3P-FMV8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-02-18 23:47 – Updated: 2021-01-08 20:06Affected versions of webdriver-launcher insecurely download an executable over an unencrypted HTTP connection.
In scenarios where an attacker has a privileged network position, it is possible to intercept the response and replace the executable with a malicious one, resulting in code execution on the system running webdriver-launcher.
Recommendation
No patch is currently available for this vulnerability, and the package has not seen an update since 2011.
The best mitigation is currently to avoid using this package, using a different package if available.
Alternatively, the risk of exploitation can be reduced by ensuring that this package is not installed while connected to a public network. If the package is installed on a private network, the only people who can exploit this vulnerability are those who have compromised your network or those who have privileged access to your ISP, such as Nation State Actors or Rogue ISP Employees.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "webdriver-launcher"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.1.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10651"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:53:03Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Affected versions of `webdriver-launcher` insecurely download an executable over an unencrypted HTTP connection. \n\nIn scenarios where an attacker has a privileged network position, it is possible to intercept the response and replace the executable with a malicious one, resulting in code execution on the system running `webdriver-launcher`.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nNo patch is currently available for this vulnerability, and the package has not seen an update since 2011.\n\nThe best mitigation is currently to avoid using this package, using a different package if available. \n\nAlternatively, the risk of exploitation can be reduced by ensuring that this package is not installed while connected to a public network. If the package is installed on a private network, the only people who can exploit this vulnerability are those who have compromised your network or those who have privileged access to your ISP, such as Nation State Actors or Rogue ISP Employees.",
"id": "GHSA-2vqv-hp3p-fmv8",
"modified": "2021-01-08T20:06:08Z",
"published": "2019-02-18T23:47:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10651"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2vqv-hp3p-fmv8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/246"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Downloads Resources over HTTP in webdriver-launcher"
}
GHSA-2WRQ-WMQF-8VCC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-02-18 23:35 – Updated: 2020-08-31 18:14operadriver is a Opera Driver for Selenium.
operadriver versions below 0.2.3 download binary resources over HTTP, which leaves it vulnerable to MITM attacks. It may be possible to cause remote code execution (RCE) by swapping out the requested binary with an attacker controlled binary if the attacker is on the network or positioned in between the user and the remote server.
Recommendation
Update to version 0.2.3 or later.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "operadriver"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.2.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-10565"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:53:10Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "operadriver is a Opera Driver for Selenium.\n\noperadriver versions below 0.2.3 download binary resources over HTTP, which leaves it vulnerable to MITM attacks. It may be possible to cause remote code execution (RCE) by swapping out the requested binary with an attacker controlled binary if the attacker is on the network or positioned in between the user and the remote server.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpdate to version 0.2.3 or later.",
"id": "GHSA-2wrq-wmqf-8vcc",
"modified": "2020-08-31T18:14:19Z",
"published": "2019-02-18T23:35:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10565"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2wrq-wmqf-8vcc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/196"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Downloads Resources over HTTP in operadriver"
}
GHSA-2XXH-HP4F-FG97
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:05 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:05GlobalProtect Agent 4.1.0 for Windows and GlobalProtect Agent 4.1.10 and earlier for macOS may allow a local authenticated attacker who has compromised the end-user account and gained the ability to inspect memory, to access authentication and/or session tokens and replay them to spoof the VPN session and gain access as the user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-1573"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-09T22:29:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "GlobalProtect Agent 4.1.0 for Windows and GlobalProtect Agent 4.1.10 and earlier for macOS may allow a local authenticated attacker who has compromised the end-user account and gained the ability to inspect memory, to access authentication and/or session tokens and replay them to spoof the VPN session and gain access as the user.",
"id": "GHSA-2xxh-hp4f-fg97",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:05:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:05:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://psirt.global.sonicwall.com/vuln-detail/SNWLID-2019-0005"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2019-1573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.broadcom.com/support/fibre-channel-networking/security-advisories/brocade-security-advisory-2019-783"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/192371"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107868"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2XXP-JV88-PG4X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 18:32 – Updated: 2025-01-27 18:32IBM Storage Defender 2.0.0 through 2.0.7 on-prem defender-sensor-cmd CLI
could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information, caused by sending network requests over an insecure channel. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to obtain sensitive information using man in the middle techniques.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38325"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T16:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Storage Defender 2.0.0 through 2.0.7 on-prem defender-sensor-cmd CLI \n\ncould allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information, caused by sending network requests over an insecure channel. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to obtain sensitive information using man in the middle techniques.",
"id": "GHSA-2xxp-jv88-pg4x",
"modified": "2025-01-27T18:32:01Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T18:32:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38325"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7168640"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-32C6-653X-X3PM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-22 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-25 00:00Sensitive Cookie in HTTPS Session Without 'Secure' Attribute in GitHub repository ikus060/minarca prior to 4.2.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-3251"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-311",
"CWE-614"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-21T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Sensitive Cookie in HTTPS Session Without \u0027Secure\u0027 Attribute in GitHub repository ikus060/minarca prior to 4.2.2.",
"id": "GHSA-32c6-653x-x3pm",
"modified": "2022-09-25T00:00:20Z",
"published": "2022-09-22T00:00:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-3251"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ikus060/minarca/commit/7b5c7e6cbd59268d5cd4f1b5f42e721db116f71a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/b9a1b411-060b-4235-9426-e39bd0a1d6d9"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Clearly specify which data or resources are valuable enough that they should be protected by encryption. Require that any transmission or storage of this data/resource should use well-vetted encryption algorithms.
Mitigation
- Ensure that encryption is properly integrated into the system design, including but not necessarily limited to:
- Identify the separate needs and contexts for encryption:
- Using threat modeling or other techniques, assume that data can be compromised through a separate vulnerability or weakness, and determine where encryption will be most effective. Ensure that data that should be private is not being inadvertently exposed using weaknesses such as insecure permissions (CWE-732). [REF-7]
- {'xhtml:li': ['Encryption that is needed to store or transmit private data of the users of the system', 'Encryption that is needed to protect the system itself from unauthorized disclosure or tampering']}
- {'xhtml:li': ['One-way (i.e., only the user or recipient needs to have the key). This can be achieved using public key cryptography, or other techniques in which the encrypting party (i.e., the product) does not need to have access to a private key.', 'Two-way (i.e., the encryption can be automatically performed on behalf of a user, but the key must be available so that the plaintext can be automatically recoverable by that user). This requires storage of the private key in a format that is recoverable only by the user (or perhaps by the operating system) in a way that cannot be recovered by others.']}
Mitigation MIT-24
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- When there is a need to store or transmit sensitive data, use strong, up-to-date cryptographic algorithms to encrypt that data. Select a well-vetted algorithm that is currently considered to be strong by experts in the field, and use well-tested implementations. As with all cryptographic mechanisms, the source code should be available for analysis.
- For example, US government systems require FIPS 140-2 certification.
- Do not develop custom or private cryptographic algorithms. They will likely be exposed to attacks that are well-understood by cryptographers. Reverse engineering techniques are mature. If the algorithm can be compromised if attackers find out how it works, then it is especially weak.
- Periodically ensure that the cryptography has not become obsolete. Some older algorithms, once thought to require a billion years of computing time, can now be broken in days or hours. This includes MD4, MD5, SHA1, DES, and other algorithms that were once regarded as strong. [REF-267]
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
Mitigation MIT-25
When using industry-approved techniques, use them correctly. Don't cut corners by skipping resource-intensive steps (CWE-325). These steps are often essential for preventing common attacks.
Mitigation MIT-33
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Use naming conventions and strong types to make it easier to spot when sensitive data is being used. When creating structures, objects, or other complex entities, separate the sensitive and non-sensitive data as much as possible.
CAPEC-157: Sniffing Attacks
In this attack pattern, the adversary intercepts information transmitted between two third parties. The adversary must be able to observe, read, and/or hear the communication traffic, but not necessarily block the communication or change its content. Any transmission medium can theoretically be sniffed if the adversary can examine the contents between the sender and recipient. Sniffing Attacks are similar to Adversary-In-The-Middle attacks (CAPEC-94), but are entirely passive. AiTM attacks are predominantly active and often alter the content of the communications themselves.
CAPEC-158: Sniffing Network Traffic
In this attack pattern, the adversary monitors network traffic between nodes of a public or multicast network in an attempt to capture sensitive information at the protocol level. Network sniffing applications can reveal TCP/IP, DNS, Ethernet, and other low-level network communication information. The adversary takes a passive role in this attack pattern and simply observes and analyzes the traffic. The adversary may precipitate or indirectly influence the content of the observed transaction, but is never the intended recipient of the target information.
CAPEC-204: Lifting Sensitive Data Embedded in Cache
An adversary examines a target application's cache, or a browser cache, for sensitive information. Many applications that communicate with remote entities or which perform intensive calculations utilize caches to improve efficiency. However, if the application computes or receives sensitive information and the cache is not appropriately protected, an attacker can browse the cache and retrieve this information. This can result in the disclosure of sensitive information.
CAPEC-31: Accessing/Intercepting/Modifying HTTP Cookies
This attack relies on the use of HTTP Cookies to store credentials, state information and other critical data on client systems. There are several different forms of this attack. The first form of this attack involves accessing HTTP Cookies to mine for potentially sensitive data contained therein. The second form involves intercepting this data as it is transmitted from client to server. This intercepted information is then used by the adversary to impersonate the remote user/session. The third form is when the cookie's content is modified by the adversary before it is sent back to the server. Here the adversary seeks to convince the target server to operate on this falsified information.
CAPEC-37: Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data
An attacker examines a target system to find sensitive data that has been embedded within it. This information can reveal confidential contents, such as account numbers or individual keys/credentials that can be used as an intermediate step in a larger attack.
CAPEC-383: Harvesting Information via API Event Monitoring
An adversary hosts an event within an application framework and then monitors the data exchanged during the course of the event for the purpose of harvesting any important data leaked during the transactions. One example could be harvesting lists of usernames or userIDs for the purpose of sending spam messages to those users. One example of this type of attack involves the adversary creating an event within the sub-application. Assume the adversary hosts a "virtual sale" of rare items. As other users enter the event, the attacker records via AiTM (CAPEC-94) proxy the user_ids and usernames of everyone who attends. The adversary would then be able to spam those users within the application using an automated script.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content
An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.
CAPEC-609: Cellular Traffic Intercept
Cellular traffic for voice and data from mobile devices and retransmission devices can be intercepted via numerous methods. Malicious actors can deploy their own cellular tower equipment and intercept cellular traffic surreptitiously. Additionally, government agencies of adversaries and malicious actors can intercept cellular traffic via the telecommunications backbone over which mobile traffic is transmitted.
CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code
An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.