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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-308

Allowed

Use of Single-factor Authentication

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses an authentication algorithm that uses a single factor (e.g., a password) in a security context that should require more than one factor.

29 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2023-50934 (GCVE-0-2023-50934)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-02 01:08 – Updated: 2024-08-02 22:23
VLAI
Title
IBM PowerSC improper authentication
Summary
IBM PowerSC 1.3, 2.0, and 2.1 uses single-factor authentication which can lead to unnecessary risk of compromise when compared with the benefits of a dual-factor authentication scheme. IBM X-Force ID: 275114.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-07-12 22:45 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-308 - Use of Single-factor Authentication
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM PowerSC Affected: 1.3, 2.0, 2.1
Create a notification for this product.
ibm powersc Affected: 1.3
Affected: 2.0
Affected: 2.1
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:powersc:1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:powersc:2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:powersc:2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2023-49075 (GCVE-0-2023-49075)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-11-28 04:33 – Updated: 2024-08-02 21:46
VLAI
Title
Pimcore Admin UI has Two Factor Authentication disabled for non admin security firewalls
Summary
The Admin Classic Bundle provides a Backend UI for Pimcore. `AdminBundle\Security\PimcoreUserTwoFactorCondition` introduced in v11 disable the two factor authentication for all non-admin security firewalls. An authenticated user can access the system without having to provide the two factor credentials. This issue has been patched in version 1.2.2.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-308 - Use of Single-factor Authentication
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2023-25681 (GCVE-0-2023-25681)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-03-05 19:42 – Updated: 2024-08-02 11:25
VLAI
Title
IBM Spectrum Virtualize security bypass
Summary
LDAP users on IBM Spectrum Virtualize 8.5 which are configured to require multifactor authentication can still authenticate to the CIM interface using only username and password. This does not affect local users with MFA configured or remote users authenticating via single sign-on. IBM X-Force ID: 247033.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-07-12 21:20 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-308 - Use of Single-factor Authentication
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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GHSA-2F8H-X67P-5Q4W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 21:15 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:48
VLAI
Details

In JetBrains TeamCity before 2023.05 authentication checks were missing – 2FA was not checked for some sensitive account actions

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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GHSA-475P-8R27-F6VH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-04 18:30 – Updated: 2024-09-04 18:30
VLAI
Details

IBM webMethods Integration 10.15 could allow an authenticated user to create scheduler tasks that would allow them to escalate their privileges to administrator due to missing authentication.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

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  "modified": "2024-09-04T18:30:58Z",
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GHSA-4C5C-2VC3-X5W2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 15:24 – Updated: 2026-06-05 15:24
VLAI
Summary
Vantage6: 2FA can be circumvented with hacked email access
Details

Impact

If an attacker hacks into a vantage6 user's email account, they can 1) reset the password via email and then 2) reset the 2FA token via email. This way they reduce 2FA to 1FA (email access).

Note that most email providers require 2FA to access email, so this issue is not very likely to cause issues.

Proposed solution

Many web apps do not provide functionality to reset 2FA token (probably for this reason), but provide recovery codes as well. It would be better to provide these recovery codes to the user 1 time and then delete the option to reset it.

An alternative may be to only let server administrators reset 2FA token. However, this has as disadvantage that a hacked email account may send messages to the server admin to reset them, which they may fall for.

Patches

No

Workarounds

No

Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "vantage6"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-27928"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-308"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-05T15:24:35Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nIf an attacker hacks into a vantage6 user\u0027s email account, they can 1) reset the password via email and then 2) reset the 2FA token via email. This way they reduce 2FA to 1FA (email access). \n\nNote that most email providers require 2FA to access email, so this issue is not very likely to cause issues.\n\n### Proposed solution\n\nMany web apps do not provide functionality to reset 2FA token (probably for this reason), but provide recovery codes as well. It would be better to provide these recovery codes to the user 1 time and then delete the option to reset it.\n\nAn alternative may be to only let server administrators reset 2FA token. However, this has as disadvantage that a hacked email account may send messages to the server admin to reset them, which they may fall for.\n\n### Patches\nNo\n\n### Workarounds\nNo",
  "id": "GHSA-4c5c-2vc3-x5w2",
  "modified": "2026-06-05T15:24:35Z",
  "published": "2026-06-05T15:24:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vantage6/vantage6/security/advisories/GHSA-4c5c-2vc3-x5w2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vantage6/vantage6/issues/1932"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/vantage6/vantage6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vantage6/vantage6/blob/main/docs/release_notes.rst#500"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Vantage6: 2FA can be circumvented with hacked email access"
}

GHSA-7MJM-4VRC-GHVC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-02 03:30 – Updated: 2024-02-02 03:30
VLAI
Details

IBM PowerSC 1.3, 2.0, and 2.1 uses single-factor authentication which can lead to unnecessary risk of compromise when compared with the benefits of a dual-factor authentication scheme. IBM X-Force ID: 275114.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-50934"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-308"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-02T02:15:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM PowerSC 1.3, 2.0, and 2.1 uses single-factor authentication which can lead to unnecessary risk of compromise when compared with the benefits of a dual-factor authentication scheme.  IBM X-Force ID:  275114.\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-7mjm-4vrc-ghvc",
  "modified": "2024-02-02T03:30:32Z",
  "published": "2024-02-02T03:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50934"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/275114"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7113759"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8JG3-VM8W-M4R8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-11 21:30 – Updated: 2026-02-13 00:32
VLAI
Details

A Use of Single-factor Authentication vulnerability in the Authentication component of CIPPlanner CIPAce before 9.17 allows attackers to bypass a protection mechanism. When the system is configured to allow login with internal accounts, an attacker can possibly obtain full authentication if the secret in a single-factor authentication scheme gets compromised.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-50618"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-308"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-11T20:16:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A Use of Single-factor Authentication vulnerability in the Authentication component of CIPPlanner CIPAce before 9.17 allows attackers to bypass a protection mechanism. When the system is configured to allow login with internal accounts, an attacker can possibly obtain full authentication if the secret in a single-factor authentication scheme gets compromised.",
  "id": "GHSA-8jg3-vm8w-m4r8",
  "modified": "2026-02-13T00:32:51Z",
  "published": "2026-02-11T21:30:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50618"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cipplanner.com/cve-2024-50618-cve-public-notification-of-resolution"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9848-6QGW-2748

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-18 18:35 – Updated: 2026-08-11 18:30
VLAI
Details

Webmin accepts basic authentication without session cookies when an attacker provides the 'User-Agent: webmin' header, allowing bypass of additional MFA requirements. Fixed in 2.641.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-56022"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-308"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-18T17:16:35Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Webmin accepts basic authentication without session cookies when an attacker provides the \u0027User-Agent: webmin\u0027 header, allowing bypass of additional MFA requirements. Fixed in 2.641.",
  "id": "GHSA-9848-6qgw-2748",
  "modified": "2026-08-11T18:30:35Z",
  "published": "2026-06-18T18:35:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56022"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/webmin/webmin/releases/tag/2.640"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/webmin/webmin/releases/tag/2.641"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/develop/csaf_files/IT/white/2026/va-26-169-02.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://webmin.com/security/#webmin-prior-to-2640"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://webmin.com/security/#webmin-prior-to-2641"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-56022"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WWG-R3C7-4VFG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-27 23:23 – Updated: 2023-11-28 17:44
VLAI
Summary
Pimcore Admin UI has Two Factor Authentication disabled for non admin security firewalls
Details

Impact

AdminBundle\Security\PimcoreUserTwoFactorCondition introduced in v11 disable the two factor authentication for all non-admin security firewalls.

An authenticated user can access the system without having to provide the 2 factor credentials.

Patches

Apply patch https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/raw/pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle/pull/345.patch

Workarounds

Upgrade to version 1.2.2 or apply the patch manually.

Severity
8.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-49075"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-308"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-27T23:23:02Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-28T05:15:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n`AdminBundle\\Security\\PimcoreUserTwoFactorCondition` introduced in v11 disable the two factor authentication for all non-admin security firewalls.\n\nAn authenticated user can access the system without having to provide the 2 factor credentials.\n\n### Patches\nApply patch https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/raw/pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle/pull/345.patch \n\n### Workarounds\nUpgrade to version 1.2.2 or apply the [patch](https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/raw/pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle/pull/345.patch) manually.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-9wwg-r3c7-4vfg",
  "modified": "2023-11-28T17:44:12Z",
  "published": "2023-11-27T23:23:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle/security/advisories/GHSA-9wwg-r3c7-4vfg"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49075"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle/pull/345"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle/commit/e412b0597830ae564a604e2579eb40e76f7f0628"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patch-diff.githubusercontent.com/raw/pimcore/admin-ui-classic-bundle/pull/345.patch"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Pimcore Admin UI has Two Factor Authentication disabled for non admin security firewalls"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use multiple independent authentication schemes, which ensures that -- if one of the methods is compromised -- the system itself is still likely safe from compromise. For this reason, if multiple schemes are possible, they should be implemented and required -- especially if they are easy to use.

CAPEC-16: Dictionary-based Password Attack

An attacker tries each of the words in a dictionary as passwords to gain access to the system via some user's account. If the password chosen by the user was a word within the dictionary, this attack will be successful (in the absence of other mitigations). This is a specific instance of the password brute forcing attack pattern.

Dictionary Attacks differ from similar attacks such as Password Spraying (CAPEC-565) and Credential Stuffing (CAPEC-600), since they leverage unknown username/password combinations and don't care about inducing account lockouts.

CAPEC-49: Password Brute Forcing

An adversary tries every possible value for a password until they succeed. A brute force attack, if feasible computationally, will always be successful because it will essentially go through all possible passwords given the alphabet used (lower case letters, upper case letters, numbers, symbols, etc.) and the maximum length of the password.

CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting

Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.

CAPEC-55: Rainbow Table Password Cracking

An attacker gets access to the database table where hashes of passwords are stored. They then use a rainbow table of pre-computed hash chains to attempt to look up the original password. Once the original password corresponding to the hash is obtained, the attacker uses the original password to gain access to the system.

CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials

This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.

CAPEC-560: Use of Known Domain Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.

CAPEC-565: Password Spraying

In a Password Spraying attack, an adversary tries a small list (e.g. 3-5) of common or expected passwords, often matching the target's complexity policy, against a known list of user accounts to gain valid credentials. The adversary tries a particular password for each user account, before moving onto the next password in the list. This approach assists the adversary in remaining undetected by avoiding rapid or frequent account lockouts. The adversary may then reattempt the process with additional passwords, once enough time has passed to prevent inducing a lockout.

CAPEC-600: Credential Stuffing

An adversary tries known username/password combinations against different systems, applications, or services to gain additional authenticated access. Credential Stuffing attacks rely upon the fact that many users leverage the same username/password combination for multiple systems, applications, and services.

CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.

CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)

An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.

CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.

CAPEC-653: Use of Known Operating System Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System.

CAPEC-70: Try Common or Default Usernames and Passwords

An adversary may try certain common or default usernames and passwords to gain access into the system and perform unauthorized actions. An adversary may try an intelligent brute force using empty passwords, known vendor default credentials, as well as a dictionary of common usernames and passwords. Many vendor products come preconfigured with default (and thus well-known) usernames and passwords that should be deleted prior to usage in a production environment. It is a common mistake to forget to remove these default login credentials. Another problem is that users would pick very simple (common) passwords (e.g. "secret" or "password") that make it easier for the attacker to gain access to the system compared to using a brute force attack or even a dictionary attack using a full dictionary.

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