CWE-306
AllowedMissing Authentication for Critical Function
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not perform any authentication for functionality that requires a provable user identity or consumes a significant amount of resources.
3483 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-F67H-GFG7-PMP5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-04 00:30 – Updated: 2026-02-04 00:30MOMA Seismic Station Version v2.4.2520 and prior exposes its web management interface without requiring authentication, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to modify configuration settings, acquire device data or remotely reset the device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-1632"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-03T23:16:06Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "MOMA Seismic Station Version v2.4.2520 and prior exposes its web management interface without requiring authentication, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to modify configuration settings, acquire device data or remotely reset the device.",
"id": "GHSA-f67h-gfg7-pmp5",
"modified": "2026-02-04T00:30:29Z",
"published": "2026-02-04T00:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1632"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2026/icsa-26-034-03.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-26-034-03"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F68C-94VP-F2Q5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-02 21:32 – Updated: 2026-04-04 00:31HiOS Switch Platform contains a denial-of-service vulnerability in the web interface that allows remote attackers to reboot the affected device by sending a malicious HTTP GET request to a specific endpoint. Attackers can trigger an uncontrolled reboot condition through crafted HTTP requests to cause service disruption and unavailability of the switch.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-15620"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-02T21:16:40Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "HiOS Switch Platform contains a denial-of-service vulnerability in the web interface that allows remote attackers to reboot the affected device by sending a malicious HTTP GET request to a specific endpoint. Attackers can trigger an uncontrolled reboot condition through crafted HTTP requests to cause service disruption and unavailability of the switch.",
"id": "GHSA-f68c-94vp-f2q5",
"modified": "2026-04-04T00:31:26Z",
"published": "2026-04-02T21:32:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-15620"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://assets.belden.com/m/702a656e81736b04/original/PSIRT-2_Web_Interface_HiOS.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hios-switch-platform-denial-of-service-via-web-interface"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F6MR-38G8-39RG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-18 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-18 22:49A critical authentication bypass vulnerability exists in Ollama platform's API endpoints in versions prior to and including v0.12.3. The platform exposes multiple API endpoints without requiring authentication, enabling remote attackers to perform unauthorized model management operations.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/ollama/ollama"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.13.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-63389"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-18T22:49:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-18T16:15:54Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A critical authentication bypass vulnerability exists in Ollama platform\u0027s API endpoints in versions prior to and including v0.12.3. The platform exposes multiple API endpoints without requiring authentication, enabling remote attackers to perform unauthorized model management operations.",
"id": "GHSA-f6mr-38g8-39rg",
"modified": "2025-12-18T22:49:16Z",
"published": "2025-12-18T18:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-63389"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/Cristliu/48dae561696374744d9fced07a544ecd"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ollama/ollama"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Ollama Platform has missing authentication enabling attackers to perform model management operations"
}
GHSA-F73P-6588-5QGX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-28 12:30 – Updated: 2026-03-28 12:30PMS 0.42 contains a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability that allows local unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code by supplying malicious values in the configuration file. Attackers can craft configuration files with oversized input that overflows the stack buffer and execute shell commands via return-oriented programming gadgets.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-25224"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-28T12:16:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PMS 0.42 contains a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability that allows local unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code by supplying malicious values in the configuration file. Attackers can craft configuration files with oversized input that overflows the stack buffer and execute shell commands via return-oriented programming gadgets.",
"id": "GHSA-f73p-6588-5qgx",
"modified": "2026-03-28T12:30:30Z",
"published": "2026-03-28T12:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-25224"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pms.sourceforge.net"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44426"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/pms-stack-based-buffer-overflow-via-configuration-file"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F75H-CWP9-8H5X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-15 06:30 – Updated: 2026-01-23 18:31The Really Simple Security (Free, Pro, and Pro Multisite) plugins for WordPress are vulnerable to authentication bypass in versions 9.0.0 to 9.1.1.1. This is due to improper user check error handling in the two-factor REST API actions with the 'check_login_and_get_user' function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to log in as any existing user on the site, such as an administrator, when the "Two-Factor Authentication" setting is enabled (disabled by default).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10924"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-288",
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-15T04:15:03Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Really Simple Security (Free, Pro, and Pro Multisite) plugins for WordPress are vulnerable to authentication bypass in versions 9.0.0 to 9.1.1.1. This is due to improper user check error handling in the two-factor REST API actions with the \u0027check_login_and_get_user\u0027 function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to log in as any existing user on the site, such as an administrator, when the \"Two-Factor Authentication\" setting is enabled (disabled by default).",
"id": "GHSA-f75h-cwp9-8h5x",
"modified": "2026-01-23T18:31:22Z",
"published": "2024-11-15T06:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/JoshuaProvoste/0-click-RCE-Exploit-for-CVE-2024-10924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/really-simple-ssl/tags/9.1.1.1/security/wordpress/two-fa/class-rsssl-two-factor-on-board-api.php#L277"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/really-simple-ssl/tags/9.1.1.1/security/wordpress/two-fa/class-rsssl-two-factor-on-board-api.php#L278"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/really-simple-ssl/tags/9.1.1.1/security/wordpress/two-fa/class-rsssl-two-factor-on-board-api.php#L67"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3188431/really-simple-ssl"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/blog/2024/11/really-simple-security-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/7d5d05ad-1a7a-43d2-bbbf-597e975446be?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F763-3535-8FH2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:50 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:19Directus 7 API before 2.2.2 has insufficient anti-automation, as demonstrated by lack of a CAPTCHA in core/Directus/Services/AuthService.php and endpoints/Auth.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-13983"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-19T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Directus 7 API before 2.2.2 has insufficient anti-automation, as demonstrated by lack of a CAPTCHA in core/Directus/Services/AuthService.php and endpoints/Auth.php.",
"id": "GHSA-f763-3535-8fh2",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:19:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:50:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-13983"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/directus/api/issues/991"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/directus/api/projects/43"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F7QJ-XCC8-V25J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-30 00:31 – Updated: 2025-05-30 00:31Instantel Micromate lacks authentication on a configuration port which could allow an attacker to execute commands if connected.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1907"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-30T00:15:22Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Instantel Micromate lacks authentication on a configuration port which could allow an attacker to execute commands if connected.",
"id": "GHSA-f7qj-xcc8-v25j",
"modified": "2025-05-30T00:31:14Z",
"published": "2025-05-30T00:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1907"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-148-04"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.instantel.com/service-and-support/contact-technical-support"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F8J5-5W75-W786
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-17 18:31 – Updated: 2026-07-17 18:31IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows unauthenticated attackers to create unlimited user accounts on any Langflow instance; when NEW_USER_IS_ACTIVE=true (documented deployment option), newly created accounts are immediately active and can authenticate to reach RCE endpoints, bypassing the need for AUTO_LOGIN.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9202"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-17T18:17:17Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows unauthenticated attackers to create unlimited user accounts on any Langflow instance; when NEW_USER_IS_ACTIVE=true (documented deployment option), newly created accounts are immediately active and can authenticate to reach RCE endpoints, bypassing the need for AUTO_LOGIN.",
"id": "GHSA-f8j5-5w75-w786",
"modified": "2026-07-17T18:31:27Z",
"published": "2026-07-17T18:31:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9202"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7278929"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F8VJ-7P4X-8CXW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:55 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:50Various Lexmark products have Incorrect Access Control (issue 2 of 2).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-9935"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-28T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Various Lexmark products have Incorrect Access Control (issue 2 of 2).",
"id": "GHSA-f8vj-7p4x-8cxw",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:50:06Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:55:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-9935"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://support.lexmark.com/index?page=content\u0026id=TE924\u0026locale=EN\u0026userlocale=EN_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F8X3-C29W-WFMJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-18 00:30 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32Vulnerability in the Oracle WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.3.0, 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.1.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via T3, IIOP to compromise Oracle WebLogic Server. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle WebLogic Server accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.5 (Confidentiality impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-21839"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-306",
"CWE-502"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-18T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.3.0, 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.1.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via T3, IIOP to compromise Oracle WebLogic Server. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized access to critical data or complete access to all Oracle WebLogic Server accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 7.5 (Confidentiality impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N).",
"id": "GHSA-f8x3-c29w-wfmj",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:38Z",
"published": "2023-01-18T00:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21839"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2023-21839"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2023.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/172882/Oracle-Weblogic-PreAuth-Remote-Command-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the software into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Identify which of these areas require a proven user identity, and use a centralized authentication capability.
- Identify all potential communication channels, or other means of interaction with the software, to ensure that all channels are appropriately protected, including those channels that are assumed to be accessible only by authorized parties. Developers sometimes perform authentication at the primary channel, but open up a secondary channel that is assumed to be private. For example, a login mechanism may be listening on one network port, but after successful authentication, it may open up a second port where it waits for the connection, but avoids authentication because it assumes that only the authenticated party will connect to the port.
- In general, if the software or protocol allows a single session or user state to persist across multiple connections or channels, authentication and appropriate credential management need to be used throughout.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
- Where possible, avoid implementing custom, "grow-your-own" authentication routines and consider using authentication capabilities as provided by the surrounding framework, operating system, or environment. These capabilities may avoid common weaknesses that are unique to authentication; support automatic auditing and tracking; and make it easier to provide a clear separation between authentication tasks and authorization tasks.
- In environments such as the World Wide Web, the line between authentication and authorization is sometimes blurred. If custom authentication routines are required instead of those provided by the server, then these routines must be applied to every single page, since these pages could be requested directly.
Mitigation MIT-4.5
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using libraries with authentication capabilities such as OpenSSL or the ESAPI Authenticator [REF-45].
Mitigation
When storing data in the cloud (e.g., S3 buckets, Azure blobs, Google Cloud Storage, etc.), use the provider's controls to require strong authentication for users who should be allowed to access the data [REF-1297] [REF-1298] [REF-1302].
CAPEC-12: Choosing Message Identifier
This pattern of attack is defined by the selection of messages distributed via multicast or public information channels that are intended for another client by determining the parameter value assigned to that client. This attack allows the adversary to gain access to potentially privileged information, and to possibly perpetrate other attacks through the distribution means by impersonation. If the channel/message being manipulated is an input rather than output mechanism for the system, (such as a command bus), this style of attack could be used to change the adversary's identifier to more a privileged one.
CAPEC-166: Force the System to Reset Values
An attacker forces the target into a previous state in order to leverage potential weaknesses in the target dependent upon a prior configuration or state-dependent factors. Even in cases where an attacker may not be able to directly control the configuration of the targeted application, they may be able to reset the configuration to a prior state since many applications implement reset functions.
CAPEC-216: Communication Channel Manipulation
An adversary manipulates a setting or parameter on communications channel in order to compromise its security. This can result in information exposure, insertion/removal of information from the communications stream, and/or potentially system compromise.
CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality
An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.
CAPEC-62: Cross Site Request Forgery
An attacker crafts malicious web links and distributes them (via web pages, email, etc.), typically in a targeted manner, hoping to induce users to click on the link and execute the malicious action against some third-party application. If successful, the action embedded in the malicious link will be processed and accepted by the targeted application with the users' privilege level. This type of attack leverages the persistence and implicit trust placed in user session cookies by many web applications today. In such an architecture, once the user authenticates to an application and a session cookie is created on the user's system, all following transactions for that session are authenticated using that cookie including potential actions initiated by an attacker and simply "riding" the existing session cookie.