Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-306

Allowed

Missing Authentication for Critical Function

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product does not perform any authentication for functionality that requires a provable user identity or consumes a significant amount of resources.

3467 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-56RW-HQQV-MJGX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-16 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-25 00:01
VLAI
Details

Splunk Enterprise deployment servers in versions before 9.0 allow unauthenticated downloading of forwarder bundles. Remediation requires you to update the deployment server to version 9.0 and Configure authentication for deployment servers and clients (https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/9.0.0/Security/ConfigDSDCAuthEnhancements#Configure_authentication_for_deployment_servers_and_clients). Once enabled, deployment servers can manage only Universal Forwarder versions 9.0 and higher. Though the vulnerability does not directly affect Universal Forwarders, remediation requires updating all Universal Forwarders that the deployment server manages to version 9.0 or higher prior to enabling the remediation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-32157"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-06-15T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Splunk Enterprise deployment servers in versions before 9.0 allow unauthenticated downloading of forwarder bundles. Remediation requires you to update the deployment server to version 9.0 and Configure authentication for deployment servers and clients (https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/9.0.0/Security/ConfigDSDCAuthEnhancements#Configure_authentication_for_deployment_servers_and_clients). Once enabled, deployment servers can manage only Universal Forwarder versions 9.0 and higher. Though the vulnerability does not directly affect Universal Forwarders, remediation requires updating all Universal Forwarders that the deployment server manages to version 9.0 or higher prior to enabling the remediation.",
  "id": "GHSA-56rw-hqqv-mjgx",
  "modified": "2022-06-25T00:01:03Z",
  "published": "2022-06-16T00:00:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-32157"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/9.0.0/Security/ConfigDSDCAuthEnhancements#Configure_authentication_for_deployment_servers_and_clients"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/Splunk/9.0.0/Security/Updates"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://research.splunk.com/application/splunk_process_injection_forwarder_bundle_downloads"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/product-security/announcements/svd-2022-0607.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-56WM-53RQ-H4X6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:14 – Updated: 2025-05-22 21:30
VLAI
Details

The Conexus telemetry protocol utilized within Medtronic MyCareLink Monitor versions 24950 and 24952, CareLink Monitor version 2490C, CareLink 2090 Programmer, Amplia CRT-D, Claria CRT-D, Compia CRT-D, Concerto CRT-D, Concerto II CRT-D, Consulta CRT-D, Evera ICD, Maximo II CRT-D and ICD, Mirro ICD, Nayamed ND ICD, Primo ICD, Protecta ICD and CRT-D, Secura ICD, Virtuoso ICD, Virtuoso II ICD, Visia AF ICD, and Viva CRT-D does not implement authentication or authorization. An attacker with adjacent short-range access to an affected product, in situations where the product’s radio is turned on, can inject, replay, modify, and/or intercept data within the telemetry communication. This communication protocol provides the ability to read and write memory values to affected implanted cardiac devices; therefore, an attacker could exploit this communication protocol to change memory in the implanted cardiac device.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-6538"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-03-25T22:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Conexus telemetry protocol utilized within Medtronic MyCareLink Monitor versions 24950 and 24952, CareLink Monitor version 2490C, CareLink 2090 Programmer, Amplia CRT-D, Claria CRT-D, Compia CRT-D, Concerto CRT-D, Concerto II CRT-D, Consulta CRT-D, Evera ICD, Maximo II CRT-D and ICD, Mirro ICD, Nayamed ND ICD, Primo ICD, Protecta ICD and CRT-D, Secura ICD, Virtuoso ICD, Virtuoso II ICD, Visia AF ICD, and Viva CRT-D does not implement authentication or authorization. An attacker with adjacent short-range access to an affected product, in situations where the product\u2019s radio is turned on, can inject, replay, modify, and/or intercept data within the telemetry communication. This communication protocol provides the ability to read and write memory values to affected implanted cardiac devices; therefore, an attacker could exploit this communication protocol to change memory in the implanted cardiac device.",
  "id": "GHSA-56wm-53rq-h4x6",
  "modified": "2025-05-22T21:30:30Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:14:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6538"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSMA-19-080-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107544"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-56WP-9GQ8-GJG2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:17 – Updated: 2023-04-26 21:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered on D-Link DAP-1360 revision F devices. Remote attackers can start a telnet service without authorization via an undocumented HTTP request. Although this is the primary vulnerability, the impact depends on the firmware version. Versions 609EU through 613EUbeta were tested. Versions through 6.12b01 have weak root credentials, allowing an attacker to gain remote root access. After 6.12b01, the root credentials were changed but the telnet service can still be started without authorization.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-18666"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-05-15T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered on D-Link DAP-1360 revision F devices. Remote attackers can start a telnet service without authorization via an undocumented HTTP request. Although this is the primary vulnerability, the impact depends on the firmware version. Versions 609EU through 613EUbeta were tested. Versions through 6.12b01 have weak root credentials, allowing an attacker to gain remote root access. After 6.12b01, the root credentials were changed but the telnet service can still be started without authorization.",
  "id": "GHSA-56wp-9gq8-gjg2",
  "modified": "2023-04-26T21:30:31Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:17:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-18666"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://daschloer.github.io/sec/dlink-dap-1360.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/announcement/publication.aspx?name=SAP10171"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://c1a.eu/dlink-dap-1360.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-57HQ-W6G2-32R3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-14 15:30 – Updated: 2025-08-15 15:30
VLAI
Details

KuWFi CPF908-CP5 WEB5.0_LCD_20210125 devices have multiple unauthenticated access control vulnerabilities within goform/goform_set_cmd_process and goform/goform_get_cmd_process. These allow an unauthenticated attacker to retrieve sensitive information (including the device admin username and password), modify critical device settings, and send arbitrary SMS messages.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-43983"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-14T15:15:36Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "KuWFi CPF908-CP5 WEB5.0_LCD_20210125 devices have multiple unauthenticated access control vulnerabilities within goform/goform_set_cmd_process and goform/goform_get_cmd_process. These allow an unauthenticated attacker to retrieve sensitive information (including the device admin username and password), modify critical device settings, and send arbitrary SMS messages.",
  "id": "GHSA-57hq-w6g2-32r3",
  "modified": "2025-08-15T15:30:22Z",
  "published": "2025-08-14T15:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43983"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://drive.proton.me/urls/CN629YJ3F4#NUgX6IB4clos"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/actuator/cve/blob/main/Kuwfi/CVE-2025-43983.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/actuator/cve/tree/main/KuWfi"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-57JG-P8GV-3J36

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:57 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:06
VLAI
Details

Victure PC530 devices allow unauthenticated TELNET access as root.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-15940"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-10-01T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Victure PC530 devices allow unauthenticated TELNET access as root.",
  "id": "GHSA-57jg-p8gv-3j36",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T02:06:27Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:57:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15940"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.avira.com/victure-pc530-home-insecurity-you-can-install-yourself"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.govicture.com/pc530"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-57P7-J2HG-6F2V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-24 15:31 – Updated: 2025-10-24 15:31
VLAI
Details

Dell Storage Center - Dell Storage Manager, version(s) DSM 20.1.21, contain(s) a Missing Authentication for Critical Function vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to Information disclosure.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-43994"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-24T15:15:38Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Dell Storage Center - Dell Storage Manager, version(s) DSM 20.1.21, contain(s) a Missing Authentication for Critical Function vulnerability. An unauthenticated attacker with remote access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to Information disclosure.",
  "id": "GHSA-57p7-j2hg-6f2v",
  "modified": "2025-10-24T15:31:26Z",
  "published": "2025-10-24T15:31:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43994"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000382899/dsa-2025-393-security-update-for-storage-center-dell-storage-manager-vulnerabilities"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-57Q3-G47V-6HPR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-10 21:31 – Updated: 2025-07-10 21:31
VLAI
Details

A missing authentication vulnerability in Trend Micro Worry-Free Business Security Services (WFBSS) agent could have allowed an unauthenticated attacker to remotely take control of the agent on affected installations.

Also note: this vulnerability only affected the SaaS client version of WFBSS only, meaning the on-premise version of Worry-Free Business Security was not affected, and this issue was addressed in a WFBSS monthly maintenance update. Therefore no other customer action is required to mitigate if the WFBSS agents are on the regular SaaS maintenance deployment schedule and this disclosure is for informational purposes only.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-53378"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-10T19:15:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A missing authentication vulnerability in Trend Micro Worry-Free Business Security Services (WFBSS) agent could have allowed an unauthenticated attacker to remotely take control of the agent on affected installations.\n\nAlso note: this vulnerability only affected the SaaS client version of WFBSS only, meaning the on-premise version of Worry-Free Business Security was not affected, and this issue was addressed in a WFBSS monthly maintenance update. Therefore no other customer action is required to mitigate if the WFBSS agents are on the regular SaaS maintenance deployment schedule and this disclosure is for informational purposes only.",
  "id": "GHSA-57q3-g47v-6hpr",
  "modified": "2025-07-10T21:31:52Z",
  "published": "2025-07-10T21:31:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-53378"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://success.trendmicro.com/en-US/solution/KA-0019936"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-57Q8-P4R4-7XR7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-05 06:30 – Updated: 2026-03-05 06:30
VLAI
Details

ESC/POS, a printer control language designed by Seiko Epson Corporation, lacks mechanisms for user authentication and command authorization, does not provide controls to restrict sources or destinations of network communication, and transmits commands without encryption or integrity protection.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-23767"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-05T06:16:22Z",
    "severity": null
  },
  "details": "ESC/POS, a printer control language designed by Seiko Epson Corporation, lacks mechanisms for user authentication and command authorization, does not provide controls to restrict sources or destinations of network communication, and transmits commands without encryption or integrity protection.",
  "id": "GHSA-57q8-p4r4-7xr7",
  "modified": "2026-03-05T06:30:25Z",
  "published": "2026-03-05T06:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23767"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://download4.epson.biz/sec_pubs/bs/pdf/IP_Filtering_Guide_en_revA.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/ta/JVNTA97995322"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.epson.jp/support/misc_t/260305_oshirase.htm"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-57QM-6JGH-X438

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-02 00:31 – Updated: 2024-02-02 00:31
VLAI
Details

The MachineSense application programmable interface (API) is improperly protected and can be accessed without authentication. A remote attacker could retrieve and modify sensitive information without any authentication.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-49617"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-01T23:15:10Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "\n\n\n\n\nThe MachineSense application programmable interface (API) is improperly protected and can be accessed without authentication. A remote attacker could retrieve and modify sensitive information without any authentication.\n\n\n\n\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-57qm-6jgh-x438",
  "modified": "2024-02-02T00:31:27Z",
  "published": "2024-02-02T00:31:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49617"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://machinesense.com/pages/about-machinesense"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-24-025-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-57QV-HXPW-PJP9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-21 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-03 00:00
VLAI
Details

The querier component in Grafana Enterprise Logs 1.1.x through 1.3.x before 1.4.0 does not require authentication when X-Scope-OrgID is used. Versions 1.2.1, 1.3.1, and 1.4.0 contain the bugfix. This affects -auth.type=enterprise in microservices mode

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-28660"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-05-20T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The querier component in Grafana Enterprise Logs 1.1.x through 1.3.x before 1.4.0 does not require authentication when X-Scope-OrgID is used. Versions 1.2.1, 1.3.1, and 1.4.0 contain the bugfix. This affects -auth.type=enterprise in microservices mode",
  "id": "GHSA-57qv-hxpw-pjp9",
  "modified": "2022-06-03T00:00:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-21T00:00:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28660"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://grafana.com/docs/enterprise-logs/latest/gel-releases/#v121----may-3-2022"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20220707-0004"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the software into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Identify which of these areas require a proven user identity, and use a centralized authentication capability.
  • Identify all potential communication channels, or other means of interaction with the software, to ensure that all channels are appropriately protected, including those channels that are assumed to be accessible only by authorized parties. Developers sometimes perform authentication at the primary channel, but open up a secondary channel that is assumed to be private. For example, a login mechanism may be listening on one network port, but after successful authentication, it may open up a second port where it waits for the connection, but avoids authentication because it assumes that only the authenticated party will connect to the port.
  • In general, if the software or protocol allows a single session or user state to persist across multiple connections or channels, authentication and appropriate credential management need to be used throughout.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Where possible, avoid implementing custom, "grow-your-own" authentication routines and consider using authentication capabilities as provided by the surrounding framework, operating system, or environment. These capabilities may avoid common weaknesses that are unique to authentication; support automatic auditing and tracking; and make it easier to provide a clear separation between authentication tasks and authorization tasks.
  • In environments such as the World Wide Web, the line between authentication and authorization is sometimes blurred. If custom authentication routines are required instead of those provided by the server, then these routines must be applied to every single page, since these pages could be requested directly.
Mitigation MIT-4.5
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using libraries with authentication capabilities such as OpenSSL or the ESAPI Authenticator [REF-45].
Mitigation
Implementation System Configuration Operation

When storing data in the cloud (e.g., S3 buckets, Azure blobs, Google Cloud Storage, etc.), use the provider's controls to require strong authentication for users who should be allowed to access the data [REF-1297] [REF-1298] [REF-1302].

CAPEC-12: Choosing Message Identifier

This pattern of attack is defined by the selection of messages distributed via multicast or public information channels that are intended for another client by determining the parameter value assigned to that client. This attack allows the adversary to gain access to potentially privileged information, and to possibly perpetrate other attacks through the distribution means by impersonation. If the channel/message being manipulated is an input rather than output mechanism for the system, (such as a command bus), this style of attack could be used to change the adversary's identifier to more a privileged one.

CAPEC-166: Force the System to Reset Values

An attacker forces the target into a previous state in order to leverage potential weaknesses in the target dependent upon a prior configuration or state-dependent factors. Even in cases where an attacker may not be able to directly control the configuration of the targeted application, they may be able to reset the configuration to a prior state since many applications implement reset functions.

CAPEC-216: Communication Channel Manipulation

An adversary manipulates a setting or parameter on communications channel in order to compromise its security. This can result in information exposure, insertion/removal of information from the communications stream, and/or potentially system compromise.

CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality

An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.

CAPEC-62: Cross Site Request Forgery

An attacker crafts malicious web links and distributes them (via web pages, email, etc.), typically in a targeted manner, hoping to induce users to click on the link and execute the malicious action against some third-party application. If successful, the action embedded in the malicious link will be processed and accepted by the targeted application with the users' privilege level. This type of attack leverages the persistence and implicit trust placed in user session cookies by many web applications today. In such an architecture, once the user authenticates to an application and a session cookie is created on the user's system, all following transactions for that session are authenticated using that cookie including potential actions initiated by an attacker and simply "riding" the existing session cookie.