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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-296

Allowed

Improper Following of a Certificate's Chain of Trust

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not follow, or incorrectly follows, the chain of trust for a certificate back to a trusted root certificate.

30 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2024-43196 (GCVE-0-2024-43196)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-20 03:42 – Updated: 2025-08-15 14:32
VLAI
Title
IBM OpenPages data manipulation
Summary
IBM OpenPages with Watson 8.3 and 9.0  application could allow an authenticated user to manipulate data in the Questionnaires application allowing the user to spoof other users' responses.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-02-20 16:47 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-296 - Improper Following of a Certificate's Chain of Trust
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7183541 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM OpenPages with Watson Affected: 8.3, 9.0
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:openpages_with_watson:8.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:openpages_with_watson:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2021-44532 (GCVE-0-2021-44532)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-02-24 18:27 – Updated: 2025-04-30 22:24
VLAI
Summary
Node.js < 12.22.9, < 14.18.3, < 16.13.2, and < 17.3.1 converts SANs (Subject Alternative Names) to a string format. It uses this string to check peer certificates against hostnames when validating connections. The string format was subject to an injection vulnerability when name constraints were used within a certificate chain, allowing the bypass of these name constraints.Versions of Node.js with the fix for this escape SANs containing the problematic characters in order to prevent the injection. This behavior can be reverted through the --security-revert command-line option.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-296 - Improper Following of a Certificate's Chain of Trust (CWE-296)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
NodeJS Node Affected: 4.0 , < 4.* (semver)
Affected: 5.0 , < 5.* (semver)
Affected: 6.0 , < 6.* (semver)
Affected: 7.0 , < 7.* (semver)
Affected: 8.0 , < 8.* (semver)
Affected: 9.0 , < 9.* (semver)
Affected: 10.0 , < 10.* (semver)
Affected: 11.0 , < 11.* (semver)
Affected: 12.0 , < 12.22.9 (semver)
Affected: 13.0 , < 13.* (semver)
Affected: 14.0 , < 14.18.3 (semver)
Affected: 15.0 , < 15.* (semver)
Affected: 16.0 , < 16.13.2 (semver)
Affected: 17.0 , < 17.3.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2021-23162 (GCVE-0-2021-23162)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-11-18 17:59 – Updated: 2024-09-16 22:35
VLAI
Summary
Improper validation of the cloud certificate chain in Mobile Connect allows man-in-the-middle attack to impersonate the legitimate Command Centre Server. This issue affects: Gallagher Command Centre Mobile Connect for Android 15 versions prior to 15.04.040; version 14 and prior versions.
Severity
7.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-296 - Improper Following of a Certificate's Chain of Trust
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Gallagher Command Centre Mobile Connect for Android Affected: unspecified , ≤ 14 (custom)
Affected: 15 , < 15.04.040 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2021-11-15 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2021-23155 (GCVE-0-2021-23155)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-11-18 17:58 – Updated: 2024-09-17 00:21
VLAI
Summary
Improper validation of the cloud certificate chain in Mobile Client allows man-in-the-middle attack to impersonate the legitimate Command Centre Server. This issue affects: Gallagher Command Centre Mobile Client for Android 8.60 versions prior to 8.60.065; version 8.50 and prior versions.
Severity
9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-296 - Improper Following of a Certificate's Chain of Trust
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Gallagher Command Centre Mobile Client for Android Affected: unspecified , ≤ 8.50 (custom)
Affected: 8.60 , < 8.60.065 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2021-11-15 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2021-1566 (GCVE-0-2021-1566)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-06-16 17:45 – Updated: 2024-11-07 22:08
VLAI
Title
Cisco Email Security Appliance and Cisco Web Security Appliance Certificate Validation Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the Cisco Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) for Endpoints integration of Cisco AsyncOS for Cisco Email Security Appliance (ESA) and Cisco Web Security Appliance (WSA) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to intercept traffic between an affected device and the AMP servers. This vulnerability is due to improper certificate validation when an affected device establishes TLS connections. A man-in-the-middle attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted TLS packet to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to spoof a trusted host and then extract sensitive information or alter certain API requests.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-11-07 21:43 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/C… vendor-advisoryx_refsource_CISCO
Impacted products
Date Public
2021-06-16 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2019-3890 (GCVE-0-2019-3890)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-08-01 13:22 – Updated: 2024-08-04 19:19
VLAI
Summary
It was discovered evolution-ews before 3.31.3 does not check the validity of SSL certificates. An attacker could abuse this flaw to get confidential information by tricking the user into connecting to a fake server without the user noticing the difference.
Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2019-3762 (GCVE-0-2019-3762)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2020-03-18 18:20 – Updated: 2024-09-16 23:15
VLAI
Summary
Data Protection Central versions 1.0, 1.0.1, 18.1, 18.2, and 19.1 contains an Improper Certificate Chain of Trust Vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability by obtaining a CA signed certificate from Data Protection Central to impersonate a valid system to compromise the integrity of data.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
CWE
  • CWE-296 - Improper Following of a Certificate's Chain of Trust
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dell Data Protection Central Affected: 1.0, 1.0.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2019-09-04 00:00
Show details on NVD website
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GHSA-5WFP-54CP-MJ7H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-12 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-12 21:31
VLAI
Details

An authenticated remote code execution vulnerability exists in the AOS-8 and AOS-10 web-based management interface. A vulnerability in the certificate download functionality could allow an authenticated remote attacker to overwrite arbitrary files on the underlying operating system by exploiting improper input validation in the file path parameter. Successful exploitation could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system as a privileged user.

Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44852"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-296"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T20:16:43Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An authenticated remote code execution vulnerability exists in the AOS-8 and AOS-10 web-based management interface. A vulnerability in the certificate download functionality could allow an authenticated remote attacker to overwrite arbitrary files on the underlying operating system by exploiting improper input validation in the file path parameter. Successful exploitation could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system as a privileged user.",
  "id": "GHSA-5wfp-54cp-mj7h",
  "modified": "2026-05-12T21:31:35Z",
  "published": "2026-05-12T21:31:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44852"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=hpesbnw05048en_us\u0026docLocale=en_US"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6HXQ-P678-4HR2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-04 17:33 – Updated: 2026-09-04 17:33
VLAI
Summary
SimpleWebAuthn: Registration verification does not sufficiently ensure that attestation certificates chain to a trust anchor
Details

Summary

validateCertificatePath() does not verify that an attestation's certificate chain actually terminates at a configured trust anchor. When walking the chain it stops at the first self-signed certificate it finds (which could be user-supplied), and exits early.

This happens before the configured Apple/Google/etc trust anchor (which is concatenated to the end of the chain) is reached.

A user can therefore register a credential and have the server accept it as if it were backed by a genuine Apple / Android SafetyNet / Yubikey / etc.

Details

packages/server/src/helpers/validateCertificatePath.ts:

The configured trust anchor is appended to the end of the untrusted chain (line 83):

const x5cWithTrustAnchor = x5cCertsParsed.concat([anchor]);

The walk then verifies each cert was signed by the next, but breaks on the first self-signed cert (lines 104–116):

if (issuer.subject === issuer.issuer) {
  // Root cert detected, make sure it signed itself
  const issuerSignedIssuer = await issuer.verify(
    { publicKey: issuer.publicKey, signatureOnly: true },
    WebCrypto,
  );
  if (!issuerSignedIssuer) {
    throw new InvalidSubjectAndIssuer();
  }
  break;   // <-- exits before the appended trust anchor is ever checked if user supplied self-signed cert comes first
}

The success condition is therefore "the certs form an internally-consistent chain ending in some self-signed cert" Rather than "the chain terminates at one of the configured trust anchors."

Exploit shape

attacker sends:  x5c = [ forgedLeaf (signed by attacker root),
                         attackerSelfSignedRoot ]

library builds:  [ forgedLeaf, attackerSelfSignedRoot, <configured Apple/Google/etc root> ]

walk:  forgedLeaf -> attackerSelfSignedRoot        (verifies, attacker controls both)
       attackerSelfSignedRoot is self-signed        -> break
       attackerSelfSignedRoot -> configured root    (NEVER CHECKED)

return true. The configured anchor never gets checked.

As far as observed, all attestation enforcement uses validateCertificatePath when using MDS etc.

Severity
2.0 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 13.3.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@simplewebauthn/server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "13.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295",
      "CWE-296"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-04T17:33:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n`validateCertificatePath()` does not verify that an attestation\u0027s certificate chain actually terminates at a configured trust anchor. When walking the chain it stops at the first self-signed certificate it finds (which could be user-supplied), and exits early.\n\nThis happens before the configured Apple/Google/etc trust anchor (which is concatenated to the end of the chain) is reached.\n\nA user can therefore register a credential and have the server accept it as if it were backed by a genuine Apple / Android SafetyNet / Yubikey / etc.\n\n## Details\n`packages/server/src/helpers/validateCertificatePath.ts`:\n\nThe configured trust anchor is appended to the end of the untrusted chain (line **83**):\n\n```ts\nconst x5cWithTrustAnchor = x5cCertsParsed.concat([anchor]);\n```\n\nThe walk then verifies each cert was signed by the next, but breaks on the first self-signed cert (lines **104\u2013116**):\n\n```ts\nif (issuer.subject === issuer.issuer) {\n  // Root cert detected, make sure it signed itself\n  const issuerSignedIssuer = await issuer.verify(\n    { publicKey: issuer.publicKey, signatureOnly: true },\n    WebCrypto,\n  );\n  if (!issuerSignedIssuer) {\n    throw new InvalidSubjectAndIssuer();\n  }\n  break;   // \u003c-- exits before the appended trust anchor is ever checked if user supplied self-signed cert comes first\n}\n```\n\nThe success condition is therefore \"the certs form an internally-consistent chain ending in some self-signed cert\" Rather than \"the chain terminates at one of the configured trust anchors.\"\n\n## Exploit shape\n\n```\nattacker sends:  x5c = [ forgedLeaf (signed by attacker root),\n                         attackerSelfSignedRoot ]\n\nlibrary builds:  [ forgedLeaf, attackerSelfSignedRoot, \u003cconfigured Apple/Google/etc root\u003e ]\n\nwalk:  forgedLeaf -\u003e attackerSelfSignedRoot        (verifies, attacker controls both)\n       attackerSelfSignedRoot is self-signed        -\u003e break\n       attackerSelfSignedRoot -\u003e configured root    (NEVER CHECKED)\n```\n\n`return true`. The configured anchor never gets checked.\n\n\nAs far as observed, all attestation enforcement uses validateCertificatePath when using MDS etc.",
  "id": "GHSA-6hxq-p678-4hr2",
  "modified": "2026-09-04T17:33:20Z",
  "published": "2026-09-04T17:33:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MasterKale/SimpleWebAuthn/security/advisories/GHSA-6hxq-p678-4hr2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MasterKale/SimpleWebAuthn/commit/67a41fed3dfd96cab1dcf414f6d1792a72e06e35"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MasterKale/SimpleWebAuthn/commit/8a53d70f42bcbb7c744ef1b90e6db35bc4b26d06"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MasterKale/SimpleWebAuthn/commit/dd0d73c716a528e6645efafbd43a972b64df71f9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/MasterKale/SimpleWebAuthn"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/MasterKale/SimpleWebAuthn/releases/tag/v13.3.2"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "SimpleWebAuthn: Registration verification does not sufficiently ensure that attestation certificates chain to a trust anchor"
}

GHSA-7FMQ-3CJW-PVHF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-08 15:31 – Updated: 2025-04-08 15:31
VLAI
Details

Improper certificate validation in Ivanti Endpoint Manager before version 2024 SU1 or before version 2022 SU7 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to intercept limited traffic between clients and servers.

Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-22459"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-295",
      "CWE-296"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-08T15:15:49Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Improper certificate validation in Ivanti Endpoint Manager before version 2024 SU1 or before version 2022 SU7 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to intercept limited traffic between clients and servers.",
  "id": "GHSA-7fmq-3cjw-pvhf",
  "modified": "2025-04-08T15:31:06Z",
  "published": "2025-04-08T15:31:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22459"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/Security-Advisory-EPM-April-2025-for-EPM-2024-and-EPM-2022-SU6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that proper certificate checking is included in the system design.

Mitigation
Implementation

Understand, and properly implement all checks necessary to ensure the integrity of certificate trust integrity.

Mitigation
Implementation

If certificate pinning is being used, ensure that all relevant properties of the certificate are fully validated before the certificate is pinned, including the full chain of trust.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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