Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-288

Allowed

Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product requires authentication, but the product has an alternate path or channel that does not require authentication.

1117 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-XFW8-8P99-43JW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-16 12:32 – Updated: 2026-06-21 09:30
VLAI
Details

syracom AG Secure Login (2FA) for Atlassian Jira, Confluence, and Bitbucket 3.4.0.x contains an authentication bypass vulnerability. An attacker with valid credentials for a user account can bypass the two-factor authentication flow by sending HTTP requests with a crafted User-Agent header containing specific strings such as AtlassianMobileApp or JIRA. When such a User-Agent is present, the plugin does not enforce the configured 2FA checks for protected web resources. Successful exploitation allows the attacker to access the affected Atlassian application as the compromised user without completing 2FA. If the compromised account has administrative privileges, the attacker can access administrative functionality and may disable the 2FA plugin or make arbitrary administrative changes. The issue is fixed in version 3.5.0.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-12225"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-16T12:16:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "syracom AG Secure Login (2FA) for Atlassian Jira, Confluence, and Bitbucket 3.4.0.x contains an authentication bypass vulnerability. An attacker with valid credentials for a user account can bypass the two-factor authentication flow by sending HTTP requests with a crafted User-Agent header containing specific strings such as AtlassianMobileApp or JIRA. When such a User-Agent is present, the plugin does not enforce the configured 2FA checks for protected web resources. Successful exploitation allows the attacker to access the affected Atlassian application as the compromised user without completing 2FA. If the compromised account has administrative privileges, the attacker can access administrative functionality and may disable the 2FA plugin or make arbitrary administrative changes. The issue is fixed in version 3.5.0.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfw8-8p99-43jw",
  "modified": "2026-06-21T09:30:49Z",
  "published": "2026-06-16T12:32:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-12225"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://marketplace.atlassian.com/apps/1214491/secure-login-2fa-for-confluence"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://r.sec-consult.com/syracom"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://syracom-bee.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/SL/pages/4193255427/2026-05-11+-+Secure+Login+security+advisory+-+Broken+Access+Control"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://syracom-bee.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/SL/pages/4230217729/Mobile+app+login+does+not+work+with+Secure+Login"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2026/Jun/16"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFXM-P3PX-PHFR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-11 21:30 – Updated: 2026-02-11 21:30
VLAI
Details

BloodX 1.0 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in login.php that allows attackers to access the dashboard without valid credentials. Attackers can exploit the vulnerability by sending a crafted payload with '=''or' parameters to bypass login authentication and gain unauthorized access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-37156"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-11T21:16:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "BloodX 1.0 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in login.php that allows attackers to access the dashboard without valid credentials. Attackers can exploit the vulnerability by sending a crafted payload with \u0027=\u0027\u0027or\u0027 parameters to bypass login authentication and gain unauthorized access.",
  "id": "GHSA-xfxm-p3px-phfr",
  "modified": "2026-02-11T21:30:40Z",
  "published": "2026-02-11T21:30:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-37156"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/diveshlunker/BloodX"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/47842"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/bloodx-authentication-bypass"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XG6X-H9C9-2M83

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-03 03:29 – Updated: 2026-04-03 03:29
VLAI
Summary
Better Auth Has Two-Factor Authentication Bypass via Premature Session Caching (session.cookieCache)
Details

Summary

Under certain configurations, sessions may be considered valid before two-factor authentication (2FA) is fully completed. This can allow access to authenticated routes without verifying the second factor.


Description

When two-factor authentication is enabled, the authentication flow correctly identifies users who require additional verification and defers full authentication until the second factor is completed.

However, when session.cookieCache is enabled, the session generated during the initial sign-in step may be cached as valid prior to 2FA verification. Subsequent session lookups may then return this cached session without re-evaluating the 2FA requirement.

This results in a situation where session validity can be established before all authentication constraints are satisfied.


Impact

An attacker (or user) with valid primary credentials may gain access to protected application routes without completing the required second authentication factor.

Any application using better-auth with both two-factor authentication and session cookie caching enabled may be affected.


Mitigation

  • Upgrade to a version of better-auth that includes the fix for this issue.
  • Ensure that session caching does not treat sessions as fully authenticated until all required authentication steps, including 2FA, are completed.
  • As a temporary workaround, disable session.cookieCache when using two-factor authentication.
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "better-auth"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.4.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-03T03:29:59Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nUnder certain configurations, sessions may be considered valid before two-factor authentication (2FA) is fully completed. This can allow access to authenticated routes without verifying the second factor.\n\n---\n\n### Description\n\nWhen two-factor authentication is enabled, the authentication flow correctly identifies users who require additional verification and defers full authentication until the second factor is completed.\n\nHowever, when `session.cookieCache` is enabled, the session generated during the initial sign-in step may be cached as valid **prior to 2FA verification**. Subsequent session lookups may then return this cached session without re-evaluating the 2FA requirement.\n\nThis results in a situation where session validity can be established before all authentication constraints are satisfied.\n\n---\n\n### Impact\n\nAn attacker (or user) with valid primary credentials may gain access to protected application routes without completing the required second authentication factor.\n\nAny application using `better-auth` with both two-factor authentication and session cookie caching enabled may be affected.\n\n---\n\n### Mitigation\n\n* Upgrade to a version of `better-auth` that includes the fix for this issue.\n* Ensure that session caching does not treat sessions as fully authenticated until all required authentication steps, including 2FA, are completed.\n* As a temporary workaround, disable `session.cookieCache` when using two-factor authentication.",
  "id": "GHSA-xg6x-h9c9-2m83",
  "modified": "2026-04-03T03:29:59Z",
  "published": "2026-04-03T03:29:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/security/advisories/GHSA-xg6x-h9c9-2m83"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Better Auth Has Two-Factor Authentication Bypass via Premature Session Caching (session.cookieCache)"
}

GHSA-XGV9-3CM6-QCCQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-12 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33
VLAI
Details

The MStore API – Create Native Android & iOS Apps On The Cloud plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authentication bypass in all versions up to, and including, 4.14.7. This is due to insufficient verification on the 'phone' parameter of the 'firebase_sms_login' and 'firebase_sms_login_v2' functions. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to log in as any existing user on the site, such as an administrator, if they have access to the email address or phone number. Additionally, if a new email address is supplied, a new user account is created with the default role, even if registration is disabled.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-6328"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-12T11:15:11Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The MStore API \u2013 Create Native Android \u0026 iOS Apps On The Cloud plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authentication bypass in all versions up to, and including, 4.14.7. This is due to insufficient verification on the \u0027phone\u0027 parameter of the \u0027firebase_sms_login\u0027 and \u0027firebase_sms_login_v2\u0027 functions. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to log in as any existing user on the site, such as an administrator, if they have access to the email address or phone number.  Additionally, if a new email address is supplied, a new user account is created with the default role, even if registration is disabled.",
  "id": "GHSA-xgv9-3cm6-qccq",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:32Z",
  "published": "2024-07-12T12:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6328"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/mstore-api/trunk/controllers/flutter-user.php#L699"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/mstore-api/trunk/controllers/flutter-user.php#L714"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3115231"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/17d8e2e9-5e3f-433b-be1a-6ea765eba547?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XH94-49WQ-7H2H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-04 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32
VLAI
Details

In JetBrains TeamCity before 2023.11.4 authentication bypass allowing to perform admin actions was possible

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-27198"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-04T18:15:09Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "In JetBrains TeamCity before 2023.11.4 authentication bypass allowing to perform admin actions was possible",
  "id": "GHSA-xh94-49wq-7h2h",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:59Z",
  "published": "2024-03-04T18:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-27198"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2024-27198"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/jetbrains-teamcity-mass-exploitation-underway-rogue-accounts-thrive"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jetbrains.com/privacy-security/issues-fixed"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XHW2-XHMJ-QMW7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-12 00:31 – Updated: 2026-03-16 15:30
VLAI
Details

Unsafe navigation in Navigation in Google Chrome on iOS prior to 146.0.7680.71 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-3930"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-11T22:16:35Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Unsafe navigation in Navigation in Google Chrome on iOS prior to 146.0.7680.71 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
  "id": "GHSA-xhw2-xhmj-qmw7",
  "modified": "2026-03-16T15:30:34Z",
  "published": "2026-03-12T00:31:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3930"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/03/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_10.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/476898368"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XJG4-367C-227H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-13 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32
VLAI
Details

Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel vulnerability in appgenixinfotech Firebase OTP Authentication allows Authentication Bypass.This issue affects Firebase OTP Authentication: from n/a through 1.0.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-54294"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-13T15:15:33Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel vulnerability in appgenixinfotech Firebase OTP Authentication allows Authentication Bypass.This issue affects Firebase OTP Authentication: from n/a through 1.0.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-xjg4-367c-227h",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:43Z",
  "published": "2024-12-13T15:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54294"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/authentication-via-otp-using-firebase/vulnerability/wordpress-firebase-otp-authentication-plugin-1-0-1-account-takeover-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XJHW-GQ27-XGJR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-03 09:30 – Updated: 2025-03-03 09:30
VLAI
Details

Authentication bypass vulnerability exists in FutureNet AS series (Industrial Routers) provided by Century Systems Co., Ltd. If this vulnerability is exploited, a remote unauthenticated attacker may obtain the device information such as MAC address by sending a specially crafted request.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24846"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-03T09:15:39Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Authentication bypass vulnerability exists in FutureNet AS series (Industrial Routers) provided by Century Systems Co., Ltd. If this vulnerability is exploited, a remote unauthenticated attacker may obtain the device information such as MAC address by sending a specially crafted request.",
  "id": "GHSA-xjhw-gq27-xgjr",
  "modified": "2025-03-03T09:30:35Z",
  "published": "2025-03-03T09:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24846"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU96398949"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.centurysys.co.jp/backnumber/common/jvnvu96398949.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XM4X-3R5H-VWFR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-06 09:30 – Updated: 2026-01-06 09:30
VLAI
Details

Authentication bypass issue exists in OpenBlocks series versions prior to FW5.0.8, which may allow an attacker to bypass administrator authentication and change the password.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-21411"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-06T07:15:43Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Authentication bypass issue exists in OpenBlocks series versions prior to FW5.0.8, which may allow an attacker to bypass administrator authentication and change the password.",
  "id": "GHSA-xm4x-3r5h-vwfr",
  "modified": "2026-01-06T09:30:28Z",
  "published": "2026-01-06T09:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21411"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU97172240"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.plathome.co.jp/support/software/fw5/dx1-v5-0-8"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XM8P-WGJH-PFXF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-26 03:31 – Updated: 2026-02-26 03:31
VLAI
Details

The User Registration & Membership plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authentication bypass in versions up to, and including, 5.1.2. This is due to incorrect authentication in the 'register_member' function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to log in a newly registered user on the site who has the 'urm_user_just_created' user meta set.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-1779"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-288"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-26T03:16:03Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The User Registration \u0026 Membership plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authentication bypass in versions up to, and including, 5.1.2. This is due to incorrect authentication in the \u0027register_member\u0027 function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to log in a newly registered user on the site who has the \u0027urm_user_just_created\u0027 user meta set.",
  "id": "GHSA-xm8p-wgjh-pfxf",
  "modified": "2026-02-26T03:31:18Z",
  "published": "2026-02-26T03:31:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1779"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/user-registration/tags/5.0.4/modules/membership/includes/AJAX.php#L246"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d99bc021-ba9e-4294-8dd2-c25bc8007d05?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Funnel all access through a single choke point to simplify how users can access a resource. For every access, perform a check to determine if the user has permissions to access the resource.

CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing

An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.