Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5970 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-P5MX-M79G-73HX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:01 – Updated: 2025-04-09 03:40
VLAI
Details

OpenSSH 4.6 and earlier, when ChallengeResponseAuthentication is enabled, allows remote attackers to determine the existence of user accounts by attempting to authenticate via S/KEY, which displays a different response if the user account exists, a similar issue to CVE-2001-1483.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2007-2243"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2007-04-25T16:19:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "OpenSSH 4.6 and earlier, when ChallengeResponseAuthentication is enabled, allows remote attackers to determine the existence of user accounts by attempting to authenticate via S/KEY, which displays a different response if the user account exists, a similar issue to CVE-2001-1483.",
  "id": "GHSA-p5mx-m79g-73hx",
  "modified": "2025-04-09T03:40:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T18:01:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-2243"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/33794"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20191107-0003"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.grok.org.uk/pipermail/full-disclosure/2007-April/053906.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.grok.org.uk/pipermail/full-disclosure/2007-April/053951.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/2631"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.osvdb.org/34600"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/23601"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-P5P6-VF7X-Q4F7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:19 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:19
VLAI
Details

The Web Services Security component in IBM WebSphere Application Server 7.0 before Fix Pack 1 (7.0.0.1), 6.1 before Fix Pack 23 (6.1.0.23),and 6.0.2 before Fix Pack 33 (6.0.2.33) does not properly enforce (1) nonce and (2) timestamp expiration values in WS-Security bindings as stored in the com.ibm.wsspi.wssecurity.core custom property, which allows remote authenticated users to conduct session hijacking attacks.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-0891"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-03-25T01:30:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Web Services Security component in IBM WebSphere Application Server 7.0 before Fix Pack 1 (7.0.0.1), 6.1 before Fix Pack 23 (6.1.0.23),and 6.0.2 before Fix Pack 33 (6.0.2.33) does not properly enforce (1) nonce and (2) timestamp expiration values in WS-Security bindings as stored in the com.ibm.wsspi.wssecurity.core custom property, which allows remote authenticated users to conduct session hijacking attacks.",
  "id": "GHSA-p5p6-vf7x-q4f7",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T03:19:07Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:19:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-0891"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/49391"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34131"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg27006876"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg27007951"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg27014463"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/search.wss?rs=0\u0026q=PK66676\u0026apar=only"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-P5VV-WVGC-88QH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:11 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:11
VLAI
Details

NVIDIA Linux kernel distributions contain a vulnerability in nvmap NVMAP_IOC_WRITE* paths, where improper access controls may lead to code execution, complete denial of service, and seriously compromised integrity of all system components.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-1107"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-11T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "NVIDIA Linux kernel distributions contain a vulnerability in nvmap NVMAP_IOC_WRITE* paths, where improper access controls may lead to code execution, complete denial of service, and seriously compromised integrity of all system components.",
  "id": "GHSA-p5vv-wvgc-88qh",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:11:03Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:11:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1107"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5216"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5259"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P5XJ-4CM3-X9P2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:35 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:35
VLAI
Details

OneOrZero Action & Information Management System (AIMS) 2.7.0 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and obtain administrator privileges via a crafted oozimsrememberme cookie.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2011-4214"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2011-11-01T19:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "OneOrZero Action \u0026 Information Management System (AIMS) 2.7.0 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and obtain administrator privileges via a crafted oozimsrememberme cookie.",
  "id": "GHSA-p5xj-4cm3-x9p2",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:35:07Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:35:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-4214"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://en.securitylab.ru/lab/PT-2011-20"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/800227"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/50107"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-P64M-JMGX-FQCQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-20 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:45
VLAI
Details

NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the REST service where a host user may cause as improper authentication issue. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to escalation of privileges, information disclosure, code execution, and denial of service.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-31015"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-09-20T02:15:21Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "NVIDIA DGX H100 BMC contains a vulnerability in the REST service where a host user may cause as improper authentication issue. A successful exploit of this vulnerability may lead to escalation of privileges, information disclosure, code execution, and denial of service.",
  "id": "GHSA-p64m-jmgx-fqcq",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T07:45:24Z",
  "published": "2023-09-20T03:30:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31015"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5473"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P67R-QG3R-M5QH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-08 21:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:52
VLAI
Details

The issue was addressed with improved authentication. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.3, macOS Big Sur 11.7.5, macOS Monterey 12.6.4, iOS 15.7.4 and iPadOS 15.7.4, iOS 16.4 and iPadOS 16.4. A user in a privileged network position may be able to spoof a VPN server that is configured with EAP-only authentication on a device

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-28182"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-05-08T20:15:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The issue was addressed with improved authentication. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.3, macOS Big Sur 11.7.5, macOS Monterey 12.6.4, iOS 15.7.4 and iPadOS 15.7.4, iOS 16.4 and iPadOS 16.4. A user in a privileged network position may be able to spoof a VPN server that is configured with EAP-only authentication on a device",
  "id": "GHSA-p67r-qg3r-m5qh",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T03:52:33Z",
  "published": "2023-05-08T21:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28182"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213670"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213673"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213675"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213676"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT213677"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/May/7"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P6FH-XC6R-G5HW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-27 15:45 – Updated: 2022-09-27 15:45
VLAI
Summary
Brokercap Bifrost subject to authentication bypass when using HTTP basic authentication
Details

Bifrost is a middleware package which can synchronize MySQL/MariaDB binlog data to other types of databases. Versions 1.8.6-release and prior are vulnerable to authentication bypass when using HTTP basic authentication. This may allow group members who only have read permissions to write requests when they are normally forbidden from doing so. Version 1.8.7-release contains a patch. There are currently no known workarounds.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.8.6-release"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/brokercap/Bifrost"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.8.7-release"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-39219"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-732"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-09-27T15:45:09Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-09-26T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Bifrost is a middleware package which can synchronize MySQL/MariaDB binlog data to other types of databases. Versions 1.8.6-release and prior are vulnerable to authentication bypass when using HTTP basic authentication. This may allow group members who only have read permissions to write requests when they are normally forbidden from doing so. Version 1.8.7-release contains a patch. There are currently no known workarounds.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-p6fh-xc6r-g5hw",
  "modified": "2022-09-27T15:45:09Z",
  "published": "2022-09-27T15:45:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/brokercap/Bifrost/security/advisories/GHSA-p6fh-xc6r-g5hw"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39219"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/brokercap/Bifrost/issues/200"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/brokercap/Bifrost"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/brokercap/Bifrost/releases/tag/v1.8.7-release"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Brokercap Bifrost subject to authentication bypass when using HTTP basic authentication"
}

GHSA-P6FP-5RVV-M3W2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:36 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:36
VLAI
Details

The XML API in TelePresence Codec (TC) 7.2.0, 7.2.1, 7.3.0, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, 7.3.4, and 7.3.5 and Collaboration Endpoint (CE) 8.0.0, 8.0.1, and 8.1.0 in Cisco TelePresence Software mishandles authentication, which allows remote attackers to execute control commands or make configuration changes via an API request, aka Bug ID CSCuz26935.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-1387"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-05-05T21:59:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The XML API in TelePresence Codec (TC) 7.2.0, 7.2.1, 7.3.0, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, 7.3.4, and 7.3.5 and Collaboration Endpoint (CE) 8.0.0, 8.0.1, and 8.1.0 in Cisco TelePresence Software mishandles authentication, which allows remote attackers to execute control commands or make configuration changes via an API request, aka Bug ID CSCuz26935.",
  "id": "GHSA-p6fp-5rvv-m3w2",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T03:36:02Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T03:36:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-1387"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20160504-tpxml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035744"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P6GR-96P8-25FW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:28 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:28
VLAI
Details

Siemens SINAMICS S/G controllers with firmware before 4.6.11 do not require authentication for FTP and TELNET sessions, which allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions via TCP traffic to port (1) 21 or (2) 23.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2013-6920"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2013-12-07T00:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Siemens SINAMICS S/G controllers with firmware before 4.6.11 do not require authentication for FTP and TELNET sessions, which allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions via TCP traffic to port (1) 21 or (2) 23.",
  "id": "GHSA-p6gr-96p8-25fw",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:28:33Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:28:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-6920"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-742938.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-13-338-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.siemens.com/innovation/pool/de/forschungsfelder/siemens_security_advisory_ssa-742938.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-P6HR-WCJ3-8RQW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-05 06:30 – Updated: 2026-01-05 06:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been found in bg5sbk MiniCMS up to 1.8. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /mc-admin/page-edit.php of the component Publish Page Handler. Such manipulation leads to improper authentication. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The existence of this vulnerability is still disputed at present. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-15456"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-05T05:15:53Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been found in bg5sbk MiniCMS up to 1.8. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /mc-admin/page-edit.php of the component Publish Page Handler. Such manipulation leads to improper authentication. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The existence of this vulnerability is still disputed at present. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
  "id": "GHSA-p6hr-wcj3-8rqw",
  "modified": "2026-01-05T06:30:27Z",
  "published": "2026-01-05T06:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-15456"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ueh1013/VULN/issues/13"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.339489"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.339489"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.725138"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.