CWE-287
DiscouragedImproper Authentication
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.
5966 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MRGQ-7M56-F984
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:03 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:42A vulnerability has been identified in SPPA-T3000 Application Server (All versions). The Application Server exposes directory listings and files containing sensitive information. This vulnerability is independent from CVE-2019-18286. Please note that an attacker needs to have access to the Application Highway in order to exploit this vulnerability. At the time of advisory publication no public exploitation of this security vulnerability was known.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-18287"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-12-12T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SPPA-T3000 Application Server (All versions). The Application Server exposes directory listings and files containing sensitive information. This vulnerability is independent from CVE-2019-18286. Please note that an attacker needs to have access to the Application Highway in order to exploit this vulnerability. At the time of advisory publication no public exploitation of this security vulnerability was known.",
"id": "GHSA-mrgq-7m56-f984",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:42:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:03:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-18287"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-451445.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/155665/Siemens-Security-Advisory-SPPA-T3000-Code-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRMM-M7C9-VVMG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:58 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:58admin/index.php in Maian Uploader 4.0 and earlier allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access by sending an arbitrary uploader_cookie cookie.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-3321"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-07-25T16:41:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "admin/index.php in Maian Uploader 4.0 and earlier allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and gain administrative access by sending an arbitrary uploader_cookie cookie.",
"id": "GHSA-mrmm-m7c9-vvmg",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:58:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:58:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-3321"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/43752"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6065"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/31045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.maianscriptworld.co.uk/free-php-scripts/maian-uploader/development/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.maianscriptworld.co.uk/news.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/30210"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-MRVF-43V7-86FR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-07 18:30 – Updated: 2025-11-07 18:30Improper Authentication vulnerability in GE Vernova Smallworld on Windows, Linux allows Authentication Abuse.This issue affects Smallworld: 5.3.3 and prior versions for Linux, and 5.3.4. and prior versions for Windows.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3222"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-07T17:15:47Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Improper Authentication vulnerability in GE Vernova Smallworld on Windows, Linux allows Authentication Abuse.This issue affects Smallworld: 5.3.3 and prior versions for Linux, and 5.3.4. and prior versions for Windows.",
"id": "GHSA-mrvf-43v7-86fr",
"modified": "2025-11-07T18:30:30Z",
"published": "2025-11-07T18:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3222"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gevernova.com/content/dam/cyber_security/global/en_US/pdfs/SecurityAdvisory_ImproperAuthentication_SWMFS.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRWJ-9MPP-W94Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:13 – Updated: 2024-02-13 18:38Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) BIND 9.6.0 and earlier does not properly check the return value from the OpenSSL EVP_VerifyFinal function, which allows remote attackers to bypass validation of the certificate chain via a malformed SSL/TLS signature, a similar vulnerability to CVE-2008-5077 and CVE-2009-0025.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-0265"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-252",
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-01-26T15:30:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) BIND 9.6.0 and earlier does not properly check the return value from the OpenSSL EVP_VerifyFinal function, which allows remote attackers to bypass validation of the certificate chain via a malformed SSL/TLS signature, a similar vulnerability to CVE-2008-5077 and CVE-2009-0025.",
"id": "GHSA-mrwj-9mpp-w94q",
"modified": "2024-02-13T18:38:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:13:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-0265"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.isc.org/node/373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://groups.google.com/group/comp.protocols.dns.bind/browse_thread/thread/49ef622c8329fd33"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/33559"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://slackware.com/security/viewer.php?l=slackware-security\u0026y=2009\u0026m=slackware-security.540362"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2009:037"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2009/0043"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRWR-HQQX-F887
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-05 06:31 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:33Vasion Print (formerly PrinterLogic) before Virtual Appliance Host 22.0.951 Application 20.0.2368 allows Unauthenticated APIs for Single-Sign On V-2024-009.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27641"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-05T06:15:35Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Vasion Print (formerly PrinterLogic) before Virtual Appliance Host 22.0.951 Application 20.0.2368 allows Unauthenticated APIs for Single-Sign On V-2024-009.",
"id": "GHSA-mrwr-hqqx-f887",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:33:05Z",
"published": "2025-03-05T06:31:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27641"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.printerlogic.com/saas/Print/Security/Security-Bulletins.htm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2025-04-08-vasion-printerlogic-83-vulnerabilities.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/18"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRX3-GXJX-HJQJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-29 22:30 – Updated: 2024-11-18 16:26Summary
PKCE is a very important countermeasure in OAuth2 , both for public and confidential clients. It protects against CSRF attacks and code injection attacks. Because of this bug, an attacker can circumvent the protection PKCE offers.
Patches
authentik 2023.8.7 and 2023.10.7 fix this issue.
Details
There is a bug in our implementation of PKCE that allows an attacker to circumvent the protection that PKCE offers. PKCE adds the code_challenge’ parameter to the authorization request and adds thecode_verifier’ parameter to the token request. We recently fixed a downgrade attack (in v2023.8.5 and 2023.10.4) where if the attacker removed the code_verifier’ parameter in the token request, authentik would allow the request to pass, thus circumventing PKCE’s protection. However, in the latest version of the software, another downgrade scenario is still possible: if the attacker removes thecode_challenge’ parameter from the authorization request, authentik will also not do the PKCE check.
Note that this type of downgrade enables an attacker to perform a code injection attack, even if the OAuth client is using PKCE (which is supposed to protect against code injection attacks). To start the attack, the attacker must initiate the authorization process without that code_challenge’ parameter in the authorization request. But this is easy to do (just use a phishing site or email to trick the user into clicking on a link that the attacker controls – the authorization link without thatcode_challenge’ parameter).
The OAuth BCP (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-oauth-security-topics) explicitly mentions this particular attack in section 2.1.1: “Authorization servers MUST mitigate PKCE Downgrade Attacks by ensuring that a token request containing a code_verifier parameter is accepted only if a code_challenge parameter was present in the authorization request, see Section 4.8.2 for details.”
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:
- Email us at security@goauthentik.io
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2023.10.6"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "goauthentik.io"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2023.10.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2023.10.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2023.8.6"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "goauthentik.io"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2023.8.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-23647"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-29T22:30:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-30T17:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nPKCE is a very important countermeasure in OAuth2 , both for public and confidential clients. It protects against CSRF attacks and code injection attacks. Because of this bug, an attacker can circumvent the protection PKCE offers.\n\n## Patches\n\nauthentik 2023.8.7 and 2023.10.7 fix this issue.\n\n## Details\n\nThere is a bug in our implementation of PKCE that allows an attacker to circumvent the protection that PKCE offers. PKCE adds the `code_challenge\u2019 parameter to the authorization request and adds the `code_verifier\u2019 parameter to the token request. We recently fixed a downgrade attack (in v2023.8.5 and 2023.10.4) where if the attacker removed the `code_verifier\u2019 parameter in the token request, authentik would allow the request to pass, thus circumventing PKCE\u2019s protection. However, in the latest version of the software, another downgrade scenario is still possible: if the attacker removes the `code_challenge\u2019 parameter from the authorization request, authentik will also not do the PKCE check.\n\nNote that this type of downgrade enables an attacker to perform a code injection attack, even if the OAuth client is using PKCE (which is supposed to protect against code injection attacks). To start the attack, the attacker must initiate the authorization process without that `code_challenge\u2019 parameter in the authorization request. But this is easy to do (just use a phishing site or email to trick the user into clicking on a link that the attacker controls \u2013 the authorization link without that `code_challenge\u2019 parameter).\n\nThe OAuth BCP (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-oauth-security-topics) explicitly mentions this particular attack in section 2.1.1: \u201cAuthorization servers MUST mitigate PKCE Downgrade Attacks by ensuring that a token request containing a code_verifier parameter is accepted only if a code_challenge parameter was present in the authorization request, see Section 4.8.2 for details.\u201d\n\n## For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\n- Email us at [security@goauthentik.io](mailto:security@goauthentik.io)\n",
"id": "GHSA-mrx3-gxjx-hjqj",
"modified": "2024-11-18T16:26:35Z",
"published": "2024-01-29T22:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/goauthentik/authentik/security/advisories/GHSA-mrx3-gxjx-hjqj"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-23647"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/goauthentik/authentik/commit/38e04ae12720e5d81b4f7ac77997eb8d1275d31a"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/goauthentik/authentik"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Authentik vulnerable to PKCE downgrade attack"
}
GHSA-MV2H-6CX9-44G2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-25 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-07 00:00A downgrade from two-factor authentication to one-factor authentication vulnerability in the CGI program of Zyxel USG/ZyWALL series firmware versions 4.32 through 4.71, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.50 through 5.21, ATP series firmware versions 4.32 through 5.21, and VPN series firmware versions 4.32 through 5.21, that could allow an authenticated attacker to bypass the second authentication phase to connect the IPsec VPN server even though the two-factor authentication (2FA) was enabled.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0910"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-24T03:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A downgrade from two-factor authentication to one-factor authentication vulnerability in the CGI program of Zyxel USG/ZyWALL series firmware versions 4.32 through 4.71, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.50 through 5.21, ATP series firmware versions 4.32 through 5.21, and VPN series firmware versions 4.32 through 5.21, that could allow an authenticated attacker to bypass the second authentication phase to connect the IPsec VPN server even though the two-factor authentication (2FA) was enabled.",
"id": "GHSA-mv2h-6cx9-44g2",
"modified": "2022-06-07T00:00:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-25T00:00:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0910"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zyxel.com/support/multiple-vulnerabilities-of-firewalls-AP-controllers-and-APs.shtml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MV3X-9FW3-QF38
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-27 09:31 – Updated: 2026-06-30 03:36Doveadm credentials are verified using direct comparison which is susceptible to timing oracle attack. An attacker can use this to determine the configured credentials. Figuring out the credential will lead into full access to the affected component. Limit access to the doveadm http service port, install fixed version. No publicly available exploits are known.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-27856"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-208",
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-27T09:16:19Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Doveadm credentials are verified using direct comparison which is susceptible to timing oracle attack. An attacker can use this to determine the configured credentials. Figuring out the credential will lead into full access to the affected component. Limit access to the doveadm http service port, install fixed version. No publicly available exploits are known.",
"id": "GHSA-mv3x-9fw3-qf38",
"modified": "2026-06-30T03:36:02Z",
"published": "2026-03-27T09:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27856"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26564"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-27856"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2452171"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://documentation.open-xchange.com/dovecot/security/advisories/csaf/2026/oxdc-adv-2026-0001.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-27856.json"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MV5V-R4X4-QMXW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-13 18:38 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32Microsoft Exchange Server Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21410"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-13T18:15:59Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Microsoft Exchange Server Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-mv5v-r4x4-qmxw",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:59Z",
"published": "2024-02-13T18:38:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21410"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-21410"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2024-21410"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MV62-653X-7444
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-11 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-11 21:31A vulnerability was detected in inkeep agents 0.58.14. This vulnerability affects the function createDevContext of the file agents-api/src/middleware/runAuth.ts of the component runAuth Middleware. Performing a manipulation results in authentication bypass using alternate channel. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-8321"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-11T20:25:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was detected in inkeep agents 0.58.14. This vulnerability affects the function createDevContext of the file agents-api/src/middleware/runAuth.ts of the component runAuth Middleware. Performing a manipulation results in authentication bypass using alternate channel. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.",
"id": "GHSA-mv62-653x-7444",
"modified": "2026-05-11T21:31:37Z",
"published": "2026-05-11T21:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8321"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/inkeep/agents/issues/3024"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/inkeep/agents"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/811314"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362608/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.
CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse
An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.
CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass
An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.
CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.
CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data
An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking
This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.
CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.
CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server
By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.