CWE-287
DiscouragedImproper Authentication
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.
5964 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-JMF3-9F5J-CPJH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-12 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:33Windows Task Scheduler Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-49039"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-12T18:15:44Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Windows Task Scheduler Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-jmf3-9f5j-cpjh",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:33:11Z",
"published": "2024-11-12T18:30:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-49039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-49039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2024-49039"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JMMG-JQC7-5QF4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-03 22:18 – Updated: 2026-03-20 21:13This issue is a browser-origin WebSocket auth chain on local loopback deployments using password auth. It is serious, but conditional: an attacker must get the user to open a malicious page and then successfully guess the gateway password.
Context and Preconditions
OpenClaw’s web/gateway surface is designed for local use and trusted-operator workflows. In affected versions, a browser-origin client could combine three behaviors:
- Origin checks not enforced for some non-Control-UI WebSocket client IDs.
- Loopback auth attempts exempt from password-failure throttling.
- Silent local pairing path available to browser-origin non-Control-UI clients.
Successful exploitation requires all of the following:
- Gateway reachable on loopback (default).
- Password auth mode in use.
- Victim opens attacker-controlled web content.
- Password is guessable within feasible brute-force/dictionary attempts.
Practical Impact
If the password is guessed, an attacker can establish an authenticated operator WebSocket session and invoke control-plane methods available to that role. This is not an unauthenticated internet-exposed RCE class issue by itself; it is a local browser-origin auth-hardening gap with meaningful impact under the conditions above.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Affected versions:
<=2026.2.24(latest published npm version as of February 26, 2026) - Patched versions :
>=2026.2.25
Fix Commit(s)
c736f11a16d6bc27ea62a0fe40fffae4cb071fdb
Fix Details
- Enforce browser-origin checks for direct browser WebSocket clients beyond Control UI/Webchat (trusted-proxy forwarded flows remain supported).
- Apply browser-origin auth failure throttling with loopback exemption disabled.
- Block silent auto-pairing for non-Control-UI browser-origin clients.
Release Process Note
patched_versions is pre-set to the planned next npm release (2026.2.25) so once that release is published, the advisory is published.
OpenClaw thanks @luz-oasis for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.2.24"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.2.25"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32025"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-307",
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-03T22:18:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-19T22:16:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This issue is a browser-origin WebSocket auth chain on local loopback deployments using password auth. It is serious, but conditional: an attacker must get the user to open a malicious page and then successfully guess the gateway password.\n\n## Context and Preconditions\n\nOpenClaw\u2019s web/gateway surface is designed for local use and trusted-operator workflows. In affected versions, a browser-origin client could combine three behaviors:\n\n- Origin checks not enforced for some non-Control-UI WebSocket client IDs.\n- Loopback auth attempts exempt from password-failure throttling.\n- Silent local pairing path available to browser-origin non-Control-UI clients.\n\nSuccessful exploitation requires all of the following:\n\n- Gateway reachable on loopback (default).\n- Password auth mode in use.\n- Victim opens attacker-controlled web content.\n- Password is guessable within feasible brute-force/dictionary attempts.\n\n## Practical Impact\n\nIf the password is guessed, an attacker can establish an authenticated operator WebSocket session and invoke control-plane methods available to that role. This is not an unauthenticated internet-exposed RCE class issue by itself; it is a local browser-origin auth-hardening gap with meaningful impact under the conditions above.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected versions: `\u003c=2026.2.24` (latest published npm version as of February 26, 2026)\n- Patched versions : `\u003e=2026.2.25`\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `c736f11a16d6bc27ea62a0fe40fffae4cb071fdb`\n\n## Fix Details\n\n- Enforce browser-origin checks for direct browser WebSocket clients beyond Control UI/Webchat (trusted-proxy forwarded flows remain supported).\n- Apply browser-origin auth failure throttling with loopback exemption disabled.\n- Block silent auto-pairing for non-Control-UI browser-origin clients.\n\n## Release Process Note\n\n`patched_versions` is pre-set to the planned next npm release (`2026.2.25`) so once that release is published, the advisory is published.\n\nOpenClaw thanks @luz-oasis for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-jmmg-jqc7-5qf4",
"modified": "2026-03-20T21:13:30Z",
"published": "2026-03-03T22:18:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-jmmg-jqc7-5qf4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32025"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/c736f11a16d6bc27ea62a0fe40fffae4cb071fdb"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-password-brute-force-via-browser-origin-websocket-authentication-bypass"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw\u0027s browser-origin WebSocket auth hardening gap could enable loopback password brute-force chains"
}
GHSA-JMP9-8JFR-9J94
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:00 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:00The Nokia E75 phone with firmware before 211.12.01 allows physically proximate attackers to bypass the Device Lock code by entering an unspecified button sequence at boot time.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-1472"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2011-03-29T18:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Nokia E75 phone with firmware before 211.12.01 allows physically proximate attackers to bypass the Device Lock code by entering an unspecified button sequence at boot time.",
"id": "GHSA-jmp9-8jfr-9j94",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:00:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:00:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-1472"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/66322"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/43827"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.cert.fi/en/reports/2011/vulnerability410355.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/47022"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-JMQC-C5JW-VVP4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:38 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:38The IBM WebSphere DataPower XC10 Appliance 2.0.0.0 through 2.0.0.3 and 2.1.0.0 through 2.1.0.2 does not require authentication for an unspecified interface, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (process exit) via unknown vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-5758"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-11-23T12:09:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The IBM WebSphere DataPower XC10 Appliance 2.0.0.0 through 2.0.0.3 and 2.1.0.0 through 2.1.0.2 does not require authentication for an unspecified interface, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (process exit) via unknown vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-jmqc-c5jw-vvp4",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:38:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:38:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-5758"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/80063"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/51319"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1IC86908"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21615783"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg24033740"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/56617"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1027798"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-JMWC-3JQ9-GH6R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:18 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:18freeSSHd.exe in freeSSHd through 1.2.6 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a crafted session, as demonstrated by an OpenSSH client with modified versions of ssh.c and sshconnect2.c.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-6066"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-12-04T23:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "freeSSHd.exe in freeSSHd through 1.2.6 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via a crafted session, as demonstrated by an OpenSSH client with modified versions of ssh.c and sshconnect2.c.",
"id": "GHSA-jmwc-3jq9-gh6r",
"modified": "2022-05-17T05:18:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:18:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-6066"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/fulldisclosure/2012-12/0012.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-JP54-39P3-825V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:00 – Updated: 2025-05-22 21:30In Medtronic Valleylab FT10 Energy Platform (VLFT10GEN) version 2.1.0 and lower and version 2.0.3 and lower, and Valleylab LS10 Energy Platform (VLLS10GEN?not available in the United States) version 1.20.2 and lower, the RFID security mechanism used for authentication between the FT10/LS10 Energy Platform and instruments can be bypassed, allowing for inauthentic instruments to connect to the generator.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-13531"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-11-08T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Medtronic Valleylab FT10 Energy Platform (VLFT10GEN) version 2.1.0 and lower and version 2.0.3 and lower, and Valleylab LS10 Energy Platform (VLLS10GEN?not available in the United States) version 1.20.2 and lower, the RFID security mechanism used for authentication between the FT10/LS10 Energy Platform and instruments can be bypassed, allowing for inauthentic instruments to connect to the generator.",
"id": "GHSA-jp54-39p3-825v",
"modified": "2025-05-22T21:30:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:00:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-13531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://global.medtronic.com/xg-en/product-security/security-bulletins/valleylab-generator-rfid-vulnerabilities.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-medical-advisories/icsma-19-311-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ics/advisories/icsma-19-311-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JP5W-5X2H-HP6V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:28 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:28Privilege Escalation vulnerability in McAfee Web Gateway (MWG) prior to 9.2.1 allows authenticated user interface user to delete or download protected log data via improper access controls in the user interface.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-7295"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-09-15T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Privilege Escalation vulnerability in McAfee Web Gateway (MWG) prior to 9.2.1 allows authenticated user interface user to delete or download protected log data via improper access controls in the user interface.",
"id": "GHSA-jp5w-5x2h-hp6v",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:28:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:28:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7295"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index?page=content\u0026id=SB10323"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-JP96-W4WF-HXWJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:52 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:28cPanel before 70.0.23 allows arbitrary file-read and file-unlink operations via WHM style uploads (SEC-378).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-20924"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-01T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "cPanel before 70.0.23 allows arbitrary file-read and file-unlink operations via WHM style uploads (SEC-378).",
"id": "GHSA-jp96-w4wf-hxwj",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:28:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:52:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-20924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://documentation.cpanel.net/display/CL/70+Change+Log"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://news.cpanel.com/cpanel-tsr-2018-0002-full-disclosure"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JP99-G9QJ-38PV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-14 21:30 – Updated: 2022-12-20 15:30VMware Workspace ONE Access and Identity Manager contain a broken authentication vulnerability. VMware has evaluated the severity of this issue to be in the Moderate severity range with a maximum CVSSv3 base score of 5.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31701"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287",
"CWE-306"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-14T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "VMware Workspace ONE Access and Identity Manager contain a broken authentication vulnerability. VMware has evaluated the severity of this issue to be in the Moderate severity range with a maximum CVSSv3 base score of 5.3.",
"id": "GHSA-jp99-g9qj-38pv",
"modified": "2022-12-20T15:30:37Z",
"published": "2022-12-14T21:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31701"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0032.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JPCM-68C4-6RR4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:28 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:28modules/admuser.php in myColex 1.4.2 does not require administrative authentication, which allows remote authenticated users to list user accounts via a Find action.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-1825"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-05-29T20:30:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "modules/admuser.php in myColex 1.4.2 does not require administrative authentication, which allows remote authenticated users to list user accounts via a Find action.",
"id": "GHSA-jpcm-68c4-6rr4",
"modified": "2022-05-02T03:28:46Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:28:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-1825"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/8707"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.collector.ch/drupal5/?q=node/39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2009/1344"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.
CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse
An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.
CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass
An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.
CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.
CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data
An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking
This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.
CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.
CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server
By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.