CWE-129
AllowedImproper Validation of Array Index
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Draft
The product uses untrusted input when calculating or using an array index, but the product does not validate or incorrectly validates the index to ensure the index references a valid position within the array.
744 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-WRH5-CMWX-Q2QR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-16 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-06 01:02A vulnerability in the Ollama server version 0.5.11 allows a malicious user to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) attack by customizing the manifest content and spoofing a service. This is due to improper validation of array index access when downloading a model via the /api/pull endpoint, which can lead to a server crash.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/ollama/ollama"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.5.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1975"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-05-17T15:10:13Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-16T09:15:17Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the Ollama server version 0.5.11 allows a malicious user to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) attack by customizing the manifest content and spoofing a service. This is due to improper validation of array index access when downloading a model via the /api/pull endpoint, which can lead to a server crash.",
"id": "GHSA-wrh5-cmwx-q2qr",
"modified": "2026-06-06T01:02:21Z",
"published": "2025-05-16T09:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1975"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ollama/ollama"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/ollama/PYSEC-2025-145.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/921ba5d4-f1d0-4c66-9764-4f72dffe7acd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2025-3695"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Ollama Server Vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) Attack"
}
GHSA-WVMW-32M8-FCPG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-27 18:31 – Updated: 2025-10-29 18:30In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ASoC: SOF: ipc4-mtrace: prevent underflow in sof_ipc4_priority_mask_dfs_write()
The "id" comes from the user. Change the type to unsigned to prevent an array underflow.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-52987"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-27T17:15:46Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nASoC: SOF: ipc4-mtrace: prevent underflow in sof_ipc4_priority_mask_dfs_write()\n\nThe \"id\" comes from the user. Change the type to unsigned to prevent\nan array underflow.",
"id": "GHSA-wvmw-32m8-fcpg",
"modified": "2025-10-29T18:30:29Z",
"published": "2025-03-27T18:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-52987"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d52f34784e4e2f6e77671a9f104d8a69a3b5d24c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ea57680af47587397f5005d7758022441ed66d54"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WX8H-4C3P-X6W4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-19 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-24 00:00Multiple code execution vulnerabilities exists in the Nef polygon-parsing functionality of CGAL libcgal CGAL-5.1.1. A specially crafted malformed file can lead to an out-of-bounds read and type confusion, which could lead to code execution. An attacker can provide malicious input to trigger any of these vulnerabilities. An oob read vulnerability exists in Nef_S2/SNC_io_parser.h SNC_io_parser::read_facet() fh->boundary_entry_objects SEdge_of.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-28624"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-18T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple code execution vulnerabilities exists in the Nef polygon-parsing functionality of CGAL libcgal CGAL-5.1.1. A specially crafted malformed file can lead to an out-of-bounds read and type confusion, which could lead to code execution. An attacker can provide malicious input to trigger any of these vulnerabilities. An oob read vulnerability exists in Nef_S2/SNC_io_parser.h SNC_io_parser\u003cEW\u003e::read_facet() fh-\u003eboundary_entry_objects SEdge_of.",
"id": "GHSA-wx8h-4c3p-x6w4",
"modified": "2022-04-24T00:00:30Z",
"published": "2022-04-19T00:00:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-28624"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/12/msg00011.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-34"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2020-1225"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X592-QQVV-RPR2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-19 15:30 – Updated: 2025-03-06 15:34In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net/mlx5: Add a timeout to acquire the command queue semaphore
Prevent forced completion handling on an entry that has not yet been assigned an index, causing an out of bounds access on idx = -22. Instead of waiting indefinitely for the sem, blocking flow now waits for index to be allocated or a sem acquisition timeout before beginning the timer for FW completion.
Kernel log example: mlx5_core 0000:06:00.0: wait_func_handle_exec_timeout:1128:(pid 185911): cmd[-22]: CREATE_UCTX(0xa04) No done completion
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-38556"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-19T14:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/mlx5: Add a timeout to acquire the command queue semaphore\n\nPrevent forced completion handling on an entry that has not yet been\nassigned an index, causing an out of bounds access on idx = -22.\nInstead of waiting indefinitely for the sem, blocking flow now waits for\nindex to be allocated or a sem acquisition timeout before beginning the\ntimer for FW completion.\n\nKernel log example:\nmlx5_core 0000:06:00.0: wait_func_handle_exec_timeout:1128:(pid 185911): cmd[-22]: CREATE_UCTX(0xa04) No done completion",
"id": "GHSA-x592-qqvv-rpr2",
"modified": "2025-03-06T15:34:36Z",
"published": "2024-06-19T15:30:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-38556"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2d0962d05c93de391ce85f6e764df895f47c8918"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/485d65e1357123a697c591a5aeb773994b247ad7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4baae687a20ef2b82fde12de3c04461e6f2521d6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/94024332a129c6e4275569d85c0c1bfb2ae2d71b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f9caccdd42e999b74303c9b0643300073ed5d319"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X5CJ-Q9VP-FRJ6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-12 06:30 – Updated: 2023-02-21 21:30In engineermode services, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local denial of service in engineermode services.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-47342"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-12T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In engineermode services, there is a missing permission check. This could lead to local denial of service in engineermode services.",
"id": "GHSA-x5cj-q9vp-frj6",
"modified": "2023-02-21T21:30:19Z",
"published": "2023-02-12T06:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-47342"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1621031430231134210"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X5QG-QGV8-Q7CR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-24 18:32 – Updated: 2026-06-24 18:32Marlin Firmware through 2.1.2.7, fixed in commit 1f255d1, when built with MESH_BED_LEVELING enabled, contains an out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the M421 G-code handler that allows attackers to corrupt firmware memory by supplying out-of-range X and Y grid indices. Attackers can send a single crafted G-code command via USB serial, network interface, or malicious gcode file to write an attacker-controlled 32-bit float value past the z_values array bounds, corrupting adjacent firmware variables and causing denial of service or firmware state corruption.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56111"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-24T16:16:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Marlin Firmware through 2.1.2.7, fixed in commit 1f255d1, when built with MESH_BED_LEVELING enabled, contains an out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the M421 G-code handler that allows attackers to corrupt firmware memory by supplying out-of-range X and Y grid indices. Attackers can send a single crafted G-code command via USB serial, network interface, or malicious gcode file to write an attacker-controlled 32-bit float value past the z_values array bounds, corrupting adjacent firmware variables and causing denial of service or firmware state corruption.",
"id": "GHSA-x5qg-qgv8-q7cr",
"modified": "2026-06-24T18:32:40Z",
"published": "2026-06-24T18:32:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56111"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin/issues/28467"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin/pull/28468"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin/commit/1f255d16ec2d456454fd444494cfb338d62b0fa1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/marlin-firmware-out-of-bounds-write-via-m421-g-code-handler"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-X6GF-MPR2-68H6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-19 15:31 – Updated: 2026-03-30 21:09Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-jqcq-xjh3-6g23. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
A flaw was found in pgproto3. A malicious or compromised PostgreSQL server can exploit this by sending a DataRow message with a negative field length. This input validation vulnerability can lead to a denial of service (DoS) due to a slice bounds out of range panic.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/jackc/pgproto3/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "2.3.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4427"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-19T19:34:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-19T15:16:28Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Duplicate Advisory\n\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-jqcq-xjh3-6g23. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n## Original Description\nA flaw was found in pgproto3. A malicious or compromised PostgreSQL server can exploit this by sending a DataRow message with a negative field length. This input validation vulnerability can lead to a denial of service (DoS) due to a slice bounds out of range panic.",
"id": "GHSA-x6gf-mpr2-68h6",
"modified": "2026-03-30T21:09:40Z",
"published": "2026-03-19T15:31:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4427"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/golang/vulndb/issues/4518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jackc/pgx/issues/2507"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-4427"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2448626"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jackc/pgproto3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://securityinfinity.com/research/memory-safety-vulnerabilities-in-go-postgresql-wire-protocol-parsers-pgproto3-pgx"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: pgproto3: Negative field length panics in DataRow.Decode",
"withdrawn": "2026-03-30T21:09:40Z"
}
GHSA-X6VQ-264G-8WCX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-29 21:30 – Updated: 2026-02-06 03:30alsa-lib versions 1.2.2 up to and including 1.2.15.2, prior to commit 5f7fe33, contain a heap-based buffer overflow in the topology mixer control decoder. The tplg_decode_control_mixer1() function reads the num_channels field from untrusted .tplg data and uses it as a loop bound without validating it against the fixed-size channel array (SND_TPLG_MAX_CHAN). A crafted topology file with an excessive num_channels value can cause out-of-bounds heap writes, leading to a crash.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25068"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-29T20:16:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "alsa-lib versions 1.2.2 up to and including 1.2.15.2, prior to commit 5f7fe33, contain a heap-based buffer overflow in the topology mixer control decoder. The tplg_decode_control_mixer1() function reads the num_channels field from untrusted .tplg data and uses it as a loop bound without validating it against the fixed-size channel array (SND_TPLG_MAX_CHAN). A crafted topology file with an excessive num_channels value can cause out-of-bounds heap writes, leading to a crash.",
"id": "GHSA-x6vq-264g-8wcx",
"modified": "2026-02-06T03:30:18Z",
"published": "2026-01-29T21:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25068"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/alsa-project/alsa-lib/commit/5f7fe33002d2d98d84f72e381ec2cccc0d5d3d40"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2026/02/msg00008.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/alsa-lib-topology-decoder-heap-based-buffer-overflow"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-X92G-CPRM-M7V4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-05 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:28Memory corruption in WLAN HAL while parsing WMI command parameters.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28573"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-05T07:15:14Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Memory corruption in WLAN HAL while parsing WMI command parameters.",
"id": "GHSA-x92g-cprm-m7v4",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:28:22Z",
"published": "2023-09-05T09:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/september-2023-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X95W-MWF5-X656
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-27 15:33 – Updated: 2026-06-25 21:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mtd: intel-dg: Fix accessing regions before setting nregions
The regions array is counted by nregions, but it's set only after accessing it:
[] UBSAN: array-index-out-of-bounds in drivers/mtd/devices/mtd_intel_dg.c:750:15 [] index 0 is out of range for type ' [*]'
Fix it by also fixing an undesired behavior: the loop silently ignores ENOMEM and continues setting the other entries.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-45896"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-129"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-27T14:17:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmtd: intel-dg: Fix accessing regions before setting nregions\n\nThe regions array is counted by nregions, but it\u0027s set only after\naccessing it:\n\n[] UBSAN: array-index-out-of-bounds in drivers/mtd/devices/mtd_intel_dg.c:750:15\n[] index 0 is out of range for type \u0027\u003cunknown\u003e [*]\u0027\n\nFix it by also fixing an undesired behavior: the loop silently ignores\nENOMEM and continues setting the other entries.",
"id": "GHSA-x95w-mwf5-x656",
"modified": "2026-06-25T21:31:20Z",
"published": "2026-05-27T15:33:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45896"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/721bd22bcf45a63ebd9bd0f478ef721b45cc5383"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/779c59274d03cc5c07237a2c845dfb71cff77705"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d58fca8513414b15387460b14a7a0a30405b9c9e"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-7
Strategy: Input Validation
Use an input validation framework such as Struts or the OWASP ESAPI Validation API. Note that using a framework does not automatically address all input validation problems; be mindful of weaknesses that could arise from misusing the framework itself (CWE-1173).
Mitigation MIT-15
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
- Even though client-side checks provide minimal benefits with respect to server-side security, they are still useful. First, they can support intrusion detection. If the server receives input that should have been rejected by the client, then it may be an indication of an attack. Second, client-side error-checking can provide helpful feedback to the user about the expectations for valid input. Third, there may be a reduction in server-side processing time for accidental input errors, although this is typically a small savings.
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, Ada allows the programmer to constrain the values of a variable and languages such as Java and Ruby will allow the programmer to handle exceptions when an out-of-bounds index is accessed.
Mitigation MIT-11
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When accessing a user-controlled array index, use a stringent range of values that are within the target array. Make sure that you do not allow negative values to be used. That is, verify the minimum as well as the maximum of the range of acceptable values.
Mitigation MIT-35
Be especially careful to validate all input when invoking code that crosses language boundaries, such as from an interpreted language to native code. This could create an unexpected interaction between the language boundaries. Ensure that you are not violating any of the expectations of the language with which you are interfacing. For example, even though Java may not be susceptible to buffer overflows, providing a large argument in a call to native code might trigger an overflow.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.