CVE-2026-46099 (GCVE-0-2026-46099)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 12:59 – Updated: 2026-07-27 12:05
VLAI
Title
net: ipv6: fix NOREF dst use in seg6 and rpl lwtunnels
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: ipv6: fix NOREF dst use in seg6 and rpl lwtunnels seg6_input_core() and rpl_input() call ip6_route_input() which sets a NOREF dst on the skb, then pass it to dst_cache_set_ip6() invoking dst_hold() unconditionally. On PREEMPT_RT, ksoftirqd is preemptible and a higher-priority task can release the underlying pcpu_rt between the lookup and the caching through a concurrent FIB lookup on a shared nexthop. Simplified race sequence: ksoftirqd/X higher-prio task (same CPU X) ----------- -------------------------------- seg6_input_core(,skb)/rpl_input(skb) dst_cache_get() -> miss ip6_route_input(skb) -> ip6_pol_route(,skb,flags) [RT6_LOOKUP_F_DST_NOREF in flags] -> FIB lookup resolves fib6_nh [nhid=N route] -> rt6_make_pcpu_route() [creates pcpu_rt, refcount=1] pcpu_rt->sernum = fib6_sernum [fib6_sernum=W] -> cmpxchg(fib6_nh.rt6i_pcpu, NULL, pcpu_rt) [slot was empty, store succeeds] -> skb_dst_set_noref(skb, dst) [dst is pcpu_rt, refcount still 1] rt_genid_bump_ipv6() -> bumps fib6_sernum [fib6_sernum from W to Z] ip6_route_output() -> ip6_pol_route() -> FIB lookup resolves fib6_nh [nhid=N] -> rt6_get_pcpu_route() pcpu_rt->sernum != fib6_sernum [W <> Z, stale] -> prev = xchg(rt6i_pcpu, NULL) -> dst_release(prev) [prev is pcpu_rt, refcount 1->0, dead] dst = skb_dst(skb) [dst is the dead pcpu_rt] dst_cache_set_ip6(dst) -> dst_hold() on dead dst -> WARN / use-after-free For the race to occur, ksoftirqd must be preemptible (PREEMPT_RT without PREEMPT_RT_NEEDS_BH_LOCK) and a concurrent task must be able to release the pcpu_rt. Shared nexthop objects provide such a path, as two routes pointing to the same nhid share the same fib6_nh and its rt6i_pcpu entry. Fix seg6_input_core() and rpl_input() by calling skb_dst_force() after ip6_route_input() to force the NOREF dst into a refcounted one before caching. The output path is not affected as ip6_route_output() already returns a refcounted dst.
Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-911 - Improper Update of Reference Count
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee , < 51fef5a7c4d160839199e941929456ba21ddf73c (git)
Affected: af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee , < b258b849a580285a1692e782ebc902b44c884a71 (git)
Affected: af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee , < 6bd17925bd6866027a6555db17905b9fc073d38d (git)
Affected: af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee , < 52f9db67f8f35f436366cf4980b4f0a2583d0ef0 (git)
Affected: af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee , < b778b6d095421619c331fd2d7751143cd5387103 (git)
Affected: af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee , < 9dd5481f960e337b81d7dfe429529495c1c481c0 (git)
Affected: af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee , < f9c52a6ba9780bd27e0bf4c044fd91c13c778b6e (git)
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Linux Linux Affected: 4.12
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.12 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.209 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.175 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.140 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.86 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.18.27 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver)
Unaffected: 7.0.4 , ≤ 7.0.* (semver)
Unaffected: 7.1 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 Unaffected: 0:6.12.0-211.39.1.el10_2 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
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      "version": "4"
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    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2026-46099\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2026-05-27T14:17:31.557\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-07-27T13:18:13.170\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nnet: ipv6: fix NOREF dst use in seg6 and rpl lwtunnels\\n\\nseg6_input_core() and rpl_input() call ip6_route_input() which sets a\\nNOREF dst on the skb, then pass it to dst_cache_set_ip6() invoking\\ndst_hold() unconditionally.\\nOn PREEMPT_RT, ksoftirqd is preemptible and a higher-priority task can\\nrelease the underlying pcpu_rt between the lookup and the caching\\nthrough a concurrent FIB lookup on a shared nexthop.\\nSimplified race sequence:\\n\\n  ksoftirqd/X                       higher-prio task (same CPU X)\\n  -----------                       --------------------------------\\n  seg6_input_core(,skb)/rpl_input(skb)\\n    dst_cache_get()\\n      -\u003e miss\\n    ip6_route_input(skb)\\n      -\u003e ip6_pol_route(,skb,flags)\\n         [RT6_LOOKUP_F_DST_NOREF in flags]\\n        -\u003e FIB lookup resolves fib6_nh\\n           [nhid=N route]\\n        -\u003e rt6_make_pcpu_route()\\n           [creates pcpu_rt, refcount=1]\\n             pcpu_rt-\u003esernum = fib6_sernum\\n             [fib6_sernum=W]\\n           -\u003e cmpxchg(fib6_nh.rt6i_pcpu,\\n                      NULL, pcpu_rt)\\n              [slot was empty, store succeeds]\\n      -\u003e skb_dst_set_noref(skb, dst)\\n         [dst is pcpu_rt, refcount still 1]\\n\\n                                    rt_genid_bump_ipv6()\\n                                      -\u003e bumps fib6_sernum\\n                                         [fib6_sernum from W to Z]\\n                                    ip6_route_output()\\n                                      -\u003e ip6_pol_route()\\n                                        -\u003e FIB lookup resolves fib6_nh\\n                                           [nhid=N]\\n                                        -\u003e rt6_get_pcpu_route()\\n                                             pcpu_rt-\u003esernum != fib6_sernum\\n                                             [W \u003c\u003e Z, stale]\\n                                          -\u003e prev = xchg(rt6i_pcpu, NULL)\\n                                          -\u003e dst_release(prev)\\n                                             [prev is pcpu_rt,\\n                                              refcount 1-\u003e0, dead]\\n\\n    dst = skb_dst(skb)\\n    [dst is the dead pcpu_rt]\\n    dst_cache_set_ip6(dst)\\n      -\u003e dst_hold() on dead dst\\n      -\u003e WARN / use-after-free\\n\\nFor the race to occur, ksoftirqd must be preemptible (PREEMPT_RT without\\nPREEMPT_RT_NEEDS_BH_LOCK) and a concurrent task must be able to release\\nthe pcpu_rt. Shared nexthop objects provide such a path, as two routes\\npointing to the same nhid share the same fib6_nh and its rt6i_pcpu\\nentry.\\n\\nFix seg6_input_core() and rpl_input() by calling skb_dst_force() after\\nip6_route_input() to force the NOREF dst into a refcounted one before\\ncaching.\\nThe output path is not affected as ip6_route_output() already returns a\\nrefcounted dst.\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"net/ipv6/rpl_iptunnel.c\",\"net/ipv6/seg6_iptunnel.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee\",\"lessThan\":\"51fef5a7c4d160839199e941929456ba21ddf73c\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee\",\"lessThan\":\"b258b849a580285a1692e782ebc902b44c884a71\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee\",\"lessThan\":\"6bd17925bd6866027a6555db17905b9fc073d38d\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee\",\"lessThan\":\"52f9db67f8f35f436366cf4980b4f0a2583d0ef0\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee\",\"lessThan\":\"b778b6d095421619c331fd2d7751143cd5387103\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee\",\"lessThan\":\"9dd5481f960e337b81d7dfe429529495c1c481c0\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"af4a2209b1344939eaac11f269c261d347cbc3ee\",\"lessThan\":\"f9c52a6ba9780bd27e0bf4c044fd91c13c778b6e\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"net/ipv6/rpl_iptunnel.c\",\"net/ipv6/seg6_iptunnel.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"4.12\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"4.12\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.15.209\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.15.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.175\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.140\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.86\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.18.27\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.18.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"7.0.4\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"7.0.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"7.1\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]},{\"source\":\"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"kernel\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2\"],\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"0:6.12.0-211.39.1.el10_2\",\"lessThan\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"rpm\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"kernel\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6\"]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"kernel\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7\"]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"kernel-rt\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7\"]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"kernel\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8\"]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"kernel-rt\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8\"]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"kernel\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9\"]},{\"vendor\":\"Red Hat\",\"product\":\"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"collectionURL\":\"https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/package-browser/\",\"packageName\":\"kernel-rt\",\"cpes\":[\"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9\"]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":8.1,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"HIGH\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":2.2,\"impactScore\":5.9},{\"source\":\"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.0,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"HIGH\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.0,\"impactScore\":5.9}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"NVD-CWE-noinfo\"}]},{\"source\":\"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-911\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"4.12\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.15.209\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"6A1605BB-F7DD-4482-A80D-856944C7A446\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.16\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.175\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"92385813-D91D-480D-83A1-F423D2CBB2BA\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.140\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A1A92866-F406-43B5-B2D1-CFC274753E9D\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.86\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"55DA1C62-9991-451E-B8A8-E0004E00F789\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.18.27\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A10AC84F-C058-47D5-85B4-E6E51A613B74\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.19\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"7.0.4\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"CDB78D6D-22C3-4154-B0D0-94AF1CE5C2E3\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.1:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"B1EF7059-E670-45F4-B422-54C40FA86390\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/51fef5a7c4d160839199e941929456ba21ddf73c\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/52f9db67f8f35f436366cf4980b4f0a2583d0ef0\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6bd17925bd6866027a6555db17905b9fc073d38d\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9dd5481f960e337b81d7dfe429529495c1c481c0\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b258b849a580285a1692e782ebc902b44c884a71\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b778b6d095421619c331fd2d7751143cd5387103\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f9c52a6ba9780bd27e0bf4c044fd91c13c778b6e\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:45114\",\"source\":\"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\"},{\"url\":\"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-46099\",\"source\":\"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\"},{\"url\":\"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2481972\",\"source\":\"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\"},{\"url\":\"https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-46099.json\",\"source\":\"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\"}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Important",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-24T14:44:22+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2026-46099",
      "id": "CVE-2026-46099",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-05-27T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:fixed": "309",
      "product_status:known_affected": "108",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "90",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: net: ipv6: fix NOREF dst use in seg6 and rpl lwtunnels",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-46099.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-21T23:55:18Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2026-46099",
      "id": "CVE-2026-46099",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-05-28T03:52:40Z",
      "product_status:first_fixed": "68",
      "product_status:known_affected": "232",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "6",
      "product_status:recommended": "102",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2026-46099",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2026-46099.json",
      "version": "7"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.