CWE-138
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could be interpreted as control elements or syntactic markers when they are sent to a downstream component.
CVE-2024-38133 (GCVE-0-2024-38133)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2024-08-13 17:30
Modified
2025-07-10 16:33
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-138 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
Summary
Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
References
| ▼ | URL | Tags |
|---|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-38133 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ▼ | Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Version: 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.6189 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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CVE-2025-48939 (GCVE-0-2025-48939)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-07-03 16:26
Modified
2025-07-03 19:15
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-138 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
Summary
tarteaucitron.js is a compliant and accessible cookie banner. Prior to version 1.22.0, a vulnerability was identified in tarteaucitron.js where document.currentScript was accessed without verifying that it referenced an actual <script> element. If an attacker injected an HTML element, it could clobber the document.currentScript property. This causes the script to resolve incorrectly to an element instead of the <script> tag, leading to unexpected behavior or failure to load the script path correctly. This issue arises because in some browser environments, named DOM elements become properties on the global document object. An attacker with control over the HTML could exploit this to change the CDN domain of tarteaucitron. This issue has been patched in version 1.22.0.
References
| ▼ | URL | Tags |
|---|---|---|
| https://github.com/AmauriC/tarteaucitron.js/security/advisories/GHSA-q43x-79jr-cq98 | x_refsource_CONFIRM | |
| https://github.com/AmauriC/tarteaucitron.js/commit/230a3b69d363837acfa895823d841e0608826ba3 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AmauriC | tarteaucitron.js |
Version: < 1.22.0 |
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CVE-2025-5878 (GCVE-0-2025-5878)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-06-29 11:11
Modified
2025-06-30 20:11
Severity ?
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
Summary
A vulnerability was found in ESAPI esapi-java-legacy and classified as problematic. This issue affects the interface Encoder.encodeForSQL of the SQL Injection Defense. An attack leads to an improper neutralization of special elements. The attack may be initiated remotely and an exploit has been disclosed to the public. The project was contacted early about this issue and handled it with an exceptional level of professionalism. Upgrading to version 2.7.0.0 is able to address this issue. Commit ID f75ac2c2647a81d2cfbdc9c899f8719c240ed512 is disabling the feature by default and any attempt to use it will trigger a warning. And commit ID e2322914304d9b1c52523ff24be495b7832f6a56 is updating the misleading Java class documentation to warn about the risks.
References
| ▼ | URL | Tags |
|---|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.314321 | vdb-entry, technical-description | |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.314321 | signature, permissions-required | |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.590149 | third-party-advisory | |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.590150 | third-party-advisory | |
| https://github.com/uglory-gll/javasec/blob/main/ESAPI.md | related | |
| https://github.com/ESAPI/esapi-java-legacy/blob/develop/documentation/ESAPI-security-bulletin13.pdf | related | |
| https://github.com/ESAPI/esapi-java-legacy/commit/f75ac2c2647a81d2cfbdc9c899f8719c240ed512 | patch | |
| https://github.com/ESAPI/esapi-java-legacy/releases/tag/esapi-2.7.0.0 | patch | |
| https://github.com/ESAPI/esapi-java-legacy/commit/e2322914304d9b1c52523ff24be495b7832f6a56 | patch |
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESAPI | esapi-java-legacy |
Version: 2.0-rc10 Version: 2.0-rc11 Version: 2.0.1 Version: 2.0GA1 Version: 2.1.0 Version: 2.1.0.1 Version: 2.2.0.0 Version: 2.2.0.0-RC1 Version: 2.2.0.0-RC2 Version: 2.2.0.0-RC3 Version: 2.2.1.0 Version: 2.2.1.0-RC1 Version: 2.2.1.1 Version: 2.2.2.0 Version: 2.2.3.0 Version: 2.2.3.1 Version: 2.3.0.0 Version: 2.4.0.0 Version: 2.5.0.0 Version: 2.5.1.0 Version: 2.5.2.0 Version: 2.5.3.0 Version: 2.5.3.1 Version: 2.5.4.0 Version: 2.5.5.0 Version: 2.6.0.0 Version: 2.6.1.0 Version: 2.6.2.0 |
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{
"lang": "de",
"value": "Eine problematische Schwachstelle wurde in ESAPI esapi-java-legacy gefunden. Es geht hierbei um die Funktion Encoder.encodeForSQL der Komponente SQL Injection Defense. Durch das Manipulieren mit unbekannten Daten kann eine improper neutralization of special elements-Schwachstelle ausgenutzt werden. Der Angriff kann \u00fcber das Netzwerk angegangen werden. Der Exploit steht zur \u00f6ffentlichen Verf\u00fcgung. Ein Aktualisieren auf die Version 2.7.0.0 vermag dieses Problem zu l\u00f6sen. Der Patch wird als f75ac2c2647a81d2cfbdc9c899f8719c240ed512 bezeichnet. Als bestm\u00f6gliche Massnahme wird das Einspielen eines Upgrades empfohlen."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 6.9,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.3,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 7.3,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 7.5,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P/E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-138",
"description": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-20",
"description": "Improper Input Validation",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-06-29T11:11:47.327Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-314321 | ESAPI esapi-java-legacy SQL Injection Defense Encoder.encodeForSQL special element",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.314321"
},
{
"name": "VDB-314321 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.314321"
},
{
"name": "Submit #590149 | ESAPI esapi-java-legacy 2.6.2.0 SQL injection filtering bypass1",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.590149"
},
{
"name": "Submit #590150 | ESAPI esapi-java-legacy 2.6.2.0 SQL injection filtering bypass2 (Duplicate)",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.590150"
},
{
"tags": [
"related"
],
"url": "https://github.com/uglory-gll/javasec/blob/main/ESAPI.md"
},
{
"tags": [
"related"
],
"url": "https://github.com/ESAPI/esapi-java-legacy/blob/develop/documentation/ESAPI-security-bulletin13.pdf"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/ESAPI/esapi-java-legacy/commit/f75ac2c2647a81d2cfbdc9c899f8719c240ed512"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/ESAPI/esapi-java-legacy/releases/tag/esapi-2.7.0.0"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/ESAPI/esapi-java-legacy/commit/e2322914304d9b1c52523ff24be495b7832f6a56"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-06-28T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-06-28T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-06-29T13:13:22.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "ESAPI esapi-java-legacy SQL Injection Defense Encoder.encodeForSQL special element"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-5878",
"datePublished": "2025-06-29T11:11:47.327Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-06-08T18:06:00.263Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-06-30T20:11:01.775Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Developers should anticipate that special elements (e.g. delimiters, symbols) will be injected into input vectors of their product. One defense is to create an allowlist (e.g. a regular expression) that defines valid input according to the requirements specifications. Strictly filter any input that does not match against the allowlist. Properly encode your output, and quote any elements that have special meaning to the component with which you are communicating.
Mitigation ID: MIT-5
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use and specify an appropriate output encoding to ensure that the special elements are well-defined. A normal byte sequence in one encoding could be a special element in another.
Mitigation ID: MIT-20
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
Mitigation ID: MIT-28
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
Description:
- While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
CAPEC-105: HTTP Request Splitting
['An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to split a single HTTP request into multiple unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-34: HTTP Response Splitting
['An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content, in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server) or into an already spoofed HTTP response from an adversary controlled domain/site.', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']