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BIT-pillow-2026-59197 — Pillow: Heap out-of-bounds write in Pillow `ImageFilter.RankFilter` via integer overflow in `ImagingExpand`

Affected: Bitnami: pillow

Pillow is a Python imaging library. Prior to 12.3.0, Pillow's public rank-filter API can trigger a native heap out-of-bounds write when given a very large odd filter size because ImageFilter.RankFilter.filter() calls image.expand(size // 2, size // 2) before rank-filter size validation and ImagingExpand() computes output dimensions with unchecked signed int arithmetic. This issue is fixed in version 12.3.0.

CVE-2026-59197 — Pillow: Heap out-of-bounds write in Pillow `ImageFilter.RankFilter` via integer overflow in `ImagingExpand`

Affected: python-pillow Pillow

GHSA-xj96-63gp-2gmr — Pillow: Heap out-of-bounds write in `ImageFilter.RankFilter` via integer overflow in `ImagingExpand`

Affected: PyPI: Pillow

### Summary

Pillow's public rank-filter API can trigger a native heap out-of-bounds write when given a very large odd filter size.

Minimal public API trigger:

```python from PIL import Image, ImageFilter

im = Image.new("L", (3, 3), 128) im.filter(ImageFilter.MedianFilter(4294967295)) ```

`ImageFilter.RankFilter.filter()` calls `image.expand(size // 2, size // 2)` before rank-filter size validation. With `size = 4294967295`, the expansion margin is `2147483647` (`INT_MAX`). `ImagingExpand()` then computes the output dimensions with unchecked signed `int` arithmetic. On tested builds, this wraps to a tiny output image and the border-expansion loop writes past the allocation.

This is reachable through documented public classes (`RankFilter`, `MedianFilter`, `MinFilter`, and `MaxFilter`). No private API, ctypes, or custom Python object is needed.

### Details

Current `src/PIL/ImageFilter.py`:

```python class RankFilter(Filter): def filter(self, image): if image.mode == "P": msg = "cannot filter palette images" raise ValueError(msg) image = image.expand(self.size // 2, self.size // 2) return image.rankfilter(self.size, self.rank) ```

The `expand()` call is made before `image.rankfilter(...)`.

Current `src/libImaging/Filter.c:ImagingExpand()` does not check output-size overflow:

```c if (xmargin < 0 && ymargin < 0) { return (Imaging)ImagingError_ValueError("bad kernel size"); }

imOut = ImagingNewDirty( imIn->m…

PYSEC-2026-3454

Affected: PyPI: pillow